全文获取类型
收费全文 | 62970篇 |
免费 | 5322篇 |
国内免费 | 2898篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 526篇 |
儿科学 | 725篇 |
妇产科学 | 1323篇 |
基础医学 | 13419篇 |
口腔科学 | 1102篇 |
临床医学 | 3737篇 |
内科学 | 8617篇 |
皮肤病学 | 1135篇 |
神经病学 | 2437篇 |
特种医学 | 1879篇 |
外国民族医学 | 18篇 |
外科学 | 3500篇 |
综合类 | 9081篇 |
现状与发展 | 10篇 |
预防医学 | 3369篇 |
眼科学 | 506篇 |
药学 | 6213篇 |
5篇 | |
中国医学 | 1465篇 |
肿瘤学 | 12123篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 126篇 |
2023年 | 858篇 |
2022年 | 1739篇 |
2021年 | 2144篇 |
2020年 | 1823篇 |
2019年 | 1580篇 |
2018年 | 1396篇 |
2017年 | 1671篇 |
2016年 | 1793篇 |
2015年 | 2278篇 |
2014年 | 3102篇 |
2013年 | 3718篇 |
2012年 | 2913篇 |
2011年 | 3612篇 |
2010年 | 3042篇 |
2009年 | 3245篇 |
2008年 | 3245篇 |
2007年 | 3379篇 |
2006年 | 3179篇 |
2005年 | 3060篇 |
2004年 | 2844篇 |
2003年 | 2591篇 |
2002年 | 2300篇 |
2001年 | 2169篇 |
2000年 | 1923篇 |
1999年 | 1561篇 |
1998年 | 1426篇 |
1997年 | 1254篇 |
1996年 | 1095篇 |
1995年 | 954篇 |
1994年 | 834篇 |
1993年 | 606篇 |
1992年 | 546篇 |
1991年 | 420篇 |
1990年 | 359篇 |
1989年 | 312篇 |
1988年 | 287篇 |
1987年 | 187篇 |
1986年 | 204篇 |
1985年 | 257篇 |
1984年 | 224篇 |
1983年 | 98篇 |
1982年 | 134篇 |
1981年 | 139篇 |
1980年 | 135篇 |
1979年 | 98篇 |
1978年 | 90篇 |
1977年 | 71篇 |
1976年 | 58篇 |
1975年 | 23篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal carcinoma
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Georgia Levidou Dimitrios Theodorou Nikolaos V. Michalopoulos Efstratios Patsouris Angelica A. Saetta 《APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica》2015,123(8):639-647
Among the numerous signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis, PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR is a key one that regulates diverse cellular functions. However, its prognostic value in esophageal carcinoma remains unclear. In our study, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of phosphorylated (p‐) AKT, mTOR, p70S6K and 4E‐BP1 along with the mutational status of PIK3CA and AKT1 genes by High Resolution Melting Analysis and Pyrosequencing in 44 esophageal carcinomas. The results were correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients in an effort to define their possible prognostic significance. Total p‐mTOR cytoplasmic expression, assessed in 10 random areas, was positively correlated with tumor stage (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, I/II vs III/IV, p = 0.0500). Μoreover, maximum p‐mTOR cytoplasmic immunoexpression, estimated in hot spot areas, was positively associated with tumor grade (Mann–Whitney U test, I/II vs III, p = 0.0565). Interestingly, p‐4E‐BP1 immunoreactivity was negatively correlated with tumor histological grade (Mann–Whitney U test, I/II vs III, p = 0.0427). No mutation was observed in exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA gene and in exon 4 of AKT1 gene. In conclusion, our findings depict the presence of activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal cancer bringing forward p‐mTOR and p‐4E‐BP1 for their potential role in esophageal carcinogenesis. Additional studies are warranted to validate our findings. 相似文献
32.
《Vaccine》2015,33(43):5861-5867
River blindness, caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus, is a major socio-economic and public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. In January 2015, The Onchocerciasis Vaccine for Africa (TOVA) Initiative has been launched with the aim of providing new tools to complement mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin, thereby promoting elimination of onchocerciasis in Africa. In this context we here present Onchocerca volvulus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Ov-GAPDH) as a possible DNA vaccine candidate. We report that in a laboratory model for filariasis, immunization with Ov-GAPDH led to a significant reduction of adult worm load and microfilaraemia in BALB/c mice after challenge infection with the filarial parasite Litomosoides sigmodontis. Mice were either vaccinated with Ov-GAPDH.DNA plasmid (Ov-pGAPDH.DNA) alone or in combination with recombinantly expressed Ov-GAPDH protein (Ov-rGAPDH). During the following challenge infection of immunized and control mice with L. sigmodontis, those formulations which included the DNA plasmid, led to a significant reduction of adult worm loads (up to 57% median reduction) and microfilaraemia (up to 94% reduction) in immunized animals. In a further experiment, immunization with a mixture of four overlapping, synthetic Ov-GAPDH peptides (Ov-GAPDHpept), with alum as adjuvant, did not significantly reduce worm loads. Our results indicate that DNA vaccination with Ov-GAPDH has protective potential against filarial challenge infection in the mouse model. This suggests a transfer of the approach into the cattle Onchocerca ochengi model, where it is possible to investigate the effects of this vaccination in the context of a natural host–parasite relationship. 相似文献
33.
Many studies have reported age-associated DNA methylation changes and age-predictive models in various tissues and body fluids. Although age-associated DNA methylation changes can be tissue-specific, a multi-tissue age predictor that is applicable to various tissues and body fluids with considerable prediction accuracy might be valuable. In this study, DNA methylation at 5 CpG sites from the ELOVL2, FHL2, KLF14, C1orf132/MIR29B2C, and TRIM59 genes were investigated in 448 samples from blood, saliva, and buccal swabs. A multiplex methylation SNaPshot assay was developed to measure DNA methylation simultaneously at the 5 CpG sites. Among the 5 CpG sites, 3 CpG sites in the ELOVL2, KLF14 and TRIM59 genes demonstrated strong correlation between DNA methylation and age in all 3 sample types. Age prediction models built separately for each sample type using the DNA methylation values at the 5 CpG sites showed high prediction accuracy with a Mean Absolute Deviation from the chronological age (MAD) of 3.478 years in blood, 3.552 years in saliva and 4.293 years in buccal swab samples. A tissue-combined model constructed with 300 training samples including 100 samples from each blood, saliva and buccal swab samples demonstrated a very strong correlation between predicted and chronological ages (r = 0.937) and a high prediction accuracy with a MAD of 3.844 years in the 148 independent test set samples of 50 blood, 50 saliva and 48 buccal swab samples. Although more validation might be needed, the tissue-combined model’s prediction accuracies in each sample type were very much similar to those obtained from each tissue-specific model. The multiplex methylation SNaPshot assay and the age prediction models in our study would be useful in forensic analysis, which frequently involves DNA from blood, saliva, and buccal swab samples. 相似文献
34.
Probabilistic genotyping approaches are increasingly used for the interpretation of DNA mixtures. To explore the specificity of one of these systems (STRmix™), we conducted an extensive study using 24 complex mixtures: all were known or apparent 4-person mixtures with at least one contributor representing less than 20% of total DNA, and all mixtures had at least one contributor with suboptimal DNA quantity. Those mixtures were either generated in-house or from casework. All the mixtures were compared to 300,000 virtual non-contributors, resulting in a dataset of 7.2 million comparisons. The great majority of the non-contributor comparisons led to a LR lower than 1 for a specificity of 99.1%. The effect of using replicate amplifications to calculate the LR of non-contributors was also assessed as triplicates were used and led to an increased specificity of 99.8%. The very large extent of the analyzed data shows that STRmix™ has an excellent ability to discriminate non-contributors from complex DNA mixtures. 相似文献
35.
Nathan Scudder James Robertson Sally F. Kelty Simon J. Walsh Dennis McNevin 《The Australian journal of forensic sciences》2020,52(2):235-241
ABSTRACTForensic DNA analysis is dependent on comparing the known and the unknown. Expand the number of known profiles, and the likelihood of a successful match increases. Forensic use of DNA is moving towards comparing samples of unknown origin with publicly available genetic data, such as the records held by genetic genealogy providers. Use of forensic genetic genealogy has yielded a number of recent high-profile successes but has raised ethical and privacy concerns. Navigating family trees is complex, even more so when combined with a comparison of genetic relationships. This intelligence-gathering process has led to occasional false leads, and its use also risks a public backlash, similar to concerns over Cambridge Analytica. A cautious approach to use of this technique is therefore warranted. 相似文献
36.
目的进一步评价前S1蛋白抗原测定在乙型肝炎诊断疗效和预后等方面的作用.方法通过ELISA方法对380例急慢性乙型肝炎患者进行PreS1Ag测定,同时用ELISA法测定HBV病毒血清标志物和用PCR法测定HBV-DNA.结果 "大三阳"患者PreS1Ag阳性率为90.09%,"小三阳"患者PreS1Ag阳性率为50%,PreS1Ag与HBV-DNA、HBeAg相一致.PreS1Ag随着HBV的清除而消长.对23例经拉米夫定治疗的患者进行动态观察,PreS1Ag消除率达85%.结论前S1蛋白抗原测定在乙型肝炎诊疗中有很大的应用价值. 相似文献
37.
Joachim Fensterle 《Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft》2006,4(3):205-216
Many cellular signaling pathways are involved in the development of cancer. Depending on the tumor entity, the nature as well as the mode of activation can differ. Some signaling pathways frequently show changes as all tumor cells have to fulfill some basic requirements such as independence from growth factors or insensitivity against apoptosis. In this review, the possibilities of a tumor to manipulate signaling pathways to reach these goals are exemplified based on an archetypical melanoma cell. In addition, new therapeutic options based on the knowledge of signaling pathways will be discussed. 相似文献
38.
目的:探讨血管生成、细胞增殖指数、DNA倍性在胰腺导管癌发生、发展中的作用及临床意义。方法:对29例胰腺导管癌和7例慢性胰腺炎患者的石蜡包埋标本作苏木精鄄伊红(HE)染色,CD34、Ki67免疫组织化学染色,镜下计算微血管密度(MVD)及Ki67阳性细胞比例,同时用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测细胞核DNA倍性,计算异倍体出现率及S期比例,并结合临床病理资料对各项指标作相关分析。结果:胰腺导管癌和慢性胰腺炎都有较多的新生血管。MVD值在胰腺导管癌高、中、低分化3组之间差异无显著性。按肿瘤直径分为≤1.5cm、1.6~2.9cm、≥3cm3组,此3组间MVD值、Ki67阳性细胞百分率、DNA异倍体出现率及肿瘤周围有无浸润的差异都非常显著(P<0.01)。肿瘤越大,MVD值、Ki67阳性细胞百分率及DNA异倍体出现率越高。结论:胰腺导管癌的发生、发展伴血管生成和DNA合成增加,联合测定MVD、Ki67阳性细胞百分率、DNA倍型可能为胰腺导管癌临床预后预测提供辅助参考指标。 相似文献
39.
Andreas Karatsaidis Olav Schreurs Kristen Helgeland Tony Axéll Karl Schenck 《Journal of oral pathology & medicine》2003,32(5):275-281
BACKGROUND: Common clinical forms of oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) are erythematous (ERY) or reticular (RET). The purpose of this study was to find histopathological changes that differ between these forms. METHODS: Epithelial thickness, epithelial proliferation rate, apoptosis, and HLA-DR expression were compared among 10 reticular and 12 erythematous lesions, and 11 normal oral mucosa samples (NOM). RESULTS: The epithelium in ERY was thinner than in NOM, whereas RET showed values between ERY and NOM. Cell proliferation increased significantly in ERY as compared with RET and NOM, with no difference between RET and NOM. Relative numbers of epithelial cell nuclei displaying visible chromatin condensation were reduced in ERY form. CONCLUSIONS: The markedly increased cell proliferation in ERY supports the notion that this form displays a higher disease activity as compared to RET. It can therefore be important to study each disease form separately. 相似文献
40.
目的 研究乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)自身增强子I(enhancerI,ENHI)对HBV DNA疫苗免疫应答的影响。方法 采用PCR法以HBVadr亚型全基因DNA序列为模板分别扩增表面抗原(HBsAg)和HBsA-ENHI基因片段,重组到载体VR1012中,构建两种HBV DNA疫苗,转染CADS-7细胞及HepG2细胞并免疫BALB/c小鼠。采用蛋白印迹、ELISA、ELISPOT等方法检测其在COS-7和HepG2细胞内的表达及小鼠的体液及细胞免疫应答效果。结果 转染的HepG2和COS-7细胞均表达HBsAg;连接ENHI的HBV DNA疫苗转染HepG2细胞后HBsAg表达量明显升高,两种疫苗转染COS-7细胞表达HBsAg无明显差异;免疫小鼠后第2周产生HBsAb及HBsAg特异性细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CTL),两种疫苗免疫产生的HBsAb及HBsAg特异性CTL无明显差异。结论ENHI可使HBV DNA疫苗转染HepG2细胞表达HBsAg明显增加,对转染COS-7细胞表达HBsAg及接种BALB/C小鼠引起的免疫应答无明显影响。 相似文献