Regulating migrant maternity: Nursing and midwifery’s emancipatory aims and assimilatory practices

In contemporary Western societies, birthing is framed as transformative for mothers; however, it is also a site for the regulation of women and the exercise of power relations by health professionals. Nursing scholarship often frames migrant mothers as a problem, yet nurses are imbricated within systems of scrutiny and regulation that are unevenly imposed on ‘other’ mothers. Discourses deployed by New Zealand Plunket nurses (who provide a universal ‘well child’ health service) to frame their understandings of migrant mothers were analysed using discourse analysis and concepts of power drawn from the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault, read through a postcolonial feminist perspective. This research shows how Plunket nurses draw on liberal feminist discourses, which have emancipatory aims but reflect assimilatory practices, paradoxically disempowering women who do not subscribe to ideals of individual autonomy. Consequently, the migrant mother, her family and new baby are brought into a neoliberal project of maternal improvement through surveillance. This project – enacted differentially but consistently among nurses – attempts to alter maternal and familial relationships by ‘improving’ mothering. Feminist critiques of patriarchy in maternity must be supplemented by a critique of the implicitly western subject of maternity to make empowerment a possibility for all mothers.     

Spontaneous migration of bullet from arm to forearm and its ultrasound guided removal

Spontaneous migration of a retained bullet is rare. We are presenting here a case of a 24-year-old male with spontaneous migration of bullet from arm to forearm. At the time of initial injury, bullet was left inside the arm as it was deep and patient had no complaints. Three months after injury, he started complaining of pain over forearm and tingling sensations in the forearm and hand over median nerve distribution. Radiographs showed bullet in the proximal forearm. The bullet was than precisely localized and removed under ultrasound guidance. This case report emphasizes the fact that spontaneous migration of bullet in extremities may occur and have the potential to cause neurovascular damage. Removal under ultrasound guidance is a viable option in such locations.     

microRNA-18a Promotes Cell Migration and Invasion Through Inhibiting Dicer l Expression in Hepatocellular CarcinomaIn Vitro

Objective To investigate the effects of microRNA-18a (miR-18a) on migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and its possible mechanism associated with Dicer l. Methods HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells were transfected with miR-18a inhibitor using Lipofectamine. Cell invasion was evaluated by transwell invasion assay, and cell migration was detected by transwell migration and wound-healing assays. Moreover, luciferase reporter assay was used to identify whether Dicer expression was regulated by miR-18a. Real-time RT-PCR and western blot were performed to analyze Dicer 1 expression. In addition, a functional restoration assay was performed to investigate whether miR-18a promotes HCC cell migration and invasion by directly targeting Dicer 1. Results miR-18a inhibitor can suppress the migration and invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, suppression of Dicer l expression by small interfering RNA essentially abolished the inhibition of cell migration and invasion induced by miR-18a inhibitor, restorating these activities to levels similar to the parental HCC cells. Interestingly, suppression of miR-18a in HCC cells resulted in enhanced expression of Dicer l. In addition, the results of a luciferase assay demonstrated targeted regulation of Dicer l by miR-18a. Conclusion Our findings suggest that miR-18a promotes migration and invasion of HCC cells by inhibiting Dicer l expression.     

辛伐他汀调控RhoA对血管平滑肌细胞增殖与迁移及纤溶活性的影响

目的:探讨不同浓度辛伐他汀调控小G蛋白RhoA及下游激酶ROCK信号对人主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(HAVSMCs)增殖和迁移,以及组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)表达的影响及作用机制。方法:应用不同浓度Simvastatin(0.1μmol/L、1μmol/L、10μmol/L)处理HAVSMCs,CCK-8法和"划痕实验"分别检查细胞增殖和迁移能力,RT-qPCR检测RhoA mRNA及下游ROCK mRNA表达,应用RT-qPCR和ELISA检测纤溶活性相关t-PA/PAI-1mRNA及蛋白活性变化。结果:辛伐他汀呈浓度依赖性显著抑制HUASMCs的增殖和迁移能力。辛伐他汀能够显著抑制RhoA/ROCK信号途径,诱导PAI-1 mRNA表达下调从而抑制蛋白分泌表达,同时上调t-PA mRNA表达从而增加蛋白分泌表达,以10μmol/L辛伐他汀组处理24 h效果最为显著。结论:辛伐他汀呈浓度时间依赖性抑制RhoA/ROCK信号途径,并且上调t PA以及下调PAI-1基因转录及蛋白表达,从而促进纤溶,抑制细胞增殖和迁移。     

siRNA沉默YKL-40对支气管哮喘小鼠气道平滑肌增殖及迁移的影响

目的探讨小干扰核糖核酸（siRNA）沉默人软骨糖蛋白39（YKL-40）对支气管哮喘小鼠气道平滑肌增殖及迁移的影响。方法20 只健康雌性BALB/c 小鼠随机分为健康组（ n=10）和哮喘组（n =10）,采取腹腔注射抗原和雾化吸入卵蛋的方式复制哮喘模型,健康组小鼠处理与哮喘组相同,只是将致敏物换成生理盐水,留取气管和支气管进行细胞培养,两组小鼠气道壁平滑肌细胞根据转染物不同分为siRNA-YKL-40 组、阴性对照组和空白对照组,MTT法检测不同转染组小鼠气道壁平滑肌细胞增殖情况,Transwell 法检测不同转染组 小鼠气道壁平滑肌细胞迁移能力,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）和蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测不同转染组小鼠气道壁平滑肌细胞中YKL-40、白细胞介素4（IL-4）和干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）基因和蛋白表达。结果哮喘组中siRNA-YKL-40组48～96h时细胞吸光度A值均低于阴性对照组和空白对照组,哮喘组中siRNA-YKL-40 组、阴性对照组和空白对照组48～96 h 时细胞吸光度A 值均高于健康组,差异有统计学意义（p <0.05）;哮喘组中siRNA-YKL-40 组迁移细胞数（86.38±8.61）个,低于阴性对照组和空白对照组,哮喘组迁移细胞数均高于健康组,差异有统计学意义（p<0.05）;哮喘组和健康组中siRNA-YKL-40 组-40 基因和蛋白相对表达量均低于阴性对照组和空白对照组（ p<0.05）,哮喘组中siRNA-YKL-40 组-4 基因和蛋白相对表达量均低于阴性对照组和空白对照组,而-γ基因和蛋白相对表达量与IFN-γ/IL-4均高于阴性对照组和空白对照组（p <0.05）,与健康组比较,哮喘组中siRNA-YKL-40 组、阴性对照组和空白对照组-4 基因和蛋白相对表达量均升高,而- 基因和蛋白相对表达量和IFN-γ/IL-4均降低,差异有统计学意义（p <0.05）。结论靶向-40 基因沉默能抑制气道壁平滑肌细胞增殖及迁移,可能与调节IL-4/IFN-γ失衡状态而减少气道炎症反应有关。     

miR-149-5P调控β-catenin/MMP2/E-cadherin介导胃癌BGC-823和MKN28的细胞迁移

目的 观察miR-149-5P对胃癌细胞BGC-823和MKN28迁移的影响。方法 采用qRT-PCR方法检测miR-149-5P在胃粘膜上皮细胞(GES-1)与BGC-823和MKN28细胞中的表达。分别转染miR-149-5P mimics、NC、inhibitor和inhibitor-NC,采用qRT-PCR方法验证转染效率,采用细胞划痕实验和Transwell实验检测过表达或抑制miR-149-5P后胃癌细胞BGC-823和MKN28迁移能力。采用Western Blot检测转染miR-149-5P mimics或inhibitor后BGC-823和MKN28细胞中β-catenin、MMP2、E-cadherin蛋白表达水平。结果 qRT-PCR实验结果显示:与GES-1相比,miR-149-5P在BGC-823和MKN28细胞中表达显著降低;转染mimics后,BGC-823和MKN28细胞中miR-149-5P表达水平显著升高,而转染inhibitor后,BGC-823和MKN28细胞中miR-149-5P表达水平下降。细胞划痕实验和Transwell实验结果显示:转染mimics后可以抑制BGC-823和MKN28细胞迁移,而转染inhibitor后,可以促进BGC-823细胞迁移,MKN28细胞并无明显变化。Western Blot实验结果显示:在BGC-823和MKN28细胞中过表达miR-149-5P可上调E-cadherin的蛋白表达,抑制β-catenin和MMP2蛋白表达,而抑制miR-149-5P的表达可下调E-cadherin的蛋白表达,促进BGC-823细胞中β-catenin和MMP2蛋白表达,但转染inhibitor后MKN28细胞中E-cadherin、β-catenin和MMP2蛋白表达水平并无明显变化。结论 miR-149-5P可以抑制胃癌细胞BGC-823和MKN28迁移。     

Photodynamic therapy with photofrin reduces invasiveness of malignant human glioma cells

. In this study we investigated the influence of Photofrin-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the migration of two human glioma cell lines in vitro. U87 and U25ln tumour cells were treated with Photofrin at various doses and subjected to a fixed optical (632 nm) dose of 100 mJ/cm². Photofrin cytotoxicity was determined using MTT and colony forming assays. Using a matrigel artificial basement membrane migration assay, we demonstrated that low doses of subcytotoxic PDT treatment, such as PDT with 2.5 μg/ml Photofrin on U87 cells and 1 μg/ml on U25ln cells, significantly (p<0.001) inhibited in vitro migration of both cell lines. Furthermore, in a qualitative spheroid confrontation assay, subcytotoxic PDT of co-cultures between tumour spheroids and brain aggregates resulted in an absence of progressive tumour invasion and destruction of the brain aggregate. In conclusion, our data indicate that low-dose subcytotoxic PDT with Photofrin significantly inhibits invasiveness of U87 and U25ln cells. Paper received 8 May 2002; accepted after revision 19 June 2002. Correspondence to: Michael Chopp, PhD, Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. Tel: 313-916-3936; Fax: 313-916-1318; e-mail: chopp@neuro.hfh.edu     

Radioactive seed localization of breast lesions: an adequate localization method without seed migration

Preoperative localization is important to optimize the surgical treatment of breast lesions, especially in nonpalpable lesions. Radioactive seed localization (RSL) using iodine-125 is a relatively new approach. To provide accurate guidance to surgery, it is important that the seeds do not migrate after placement. The aim of this study was to assess short-term and long-term seed migration after RSL of breast lesions. In 45 patients, 48 RSL procedures were performed under ultrasound or stereotactic guidance. In the first 12 patients, the lesion was localized with two markers: an iodine-125 seed and a reference marker. In 33 patients, 36 RSL procedures were performed using a single iodine-125 seed. All patients received control mammograms after seed placement and prior to surgery. In the patients with two markers, migration was defined as the difference in the largest distance between the markers observed in the mammograms. For single-marked lesions, migration was assessed by comparing distances between anatomical landmarks in the mammograms. RSL was successful in all patients. Seeds were in-situ for 59.5 days on average (3-136 days). The detection rate during surgery was 100%. Overall, an average seed migration of 0.9 mm (standard deviation 1.0 mm) was observed. Neither differences in lesion type, nor days in situ, type of surgery or radiologic localization method were found to have impact on seed migration. RSL is an accurate preoperative localization method for breast lesions with negligible seed migration, independent of time in-situ.     

Stage migration and therapy modification after thoracoscopic internal mammary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients

Although internal mammary lymph node (IMN) status is a major prognostic factor in breast cancer, it is not routinely assessed. To evaluate the impact of IMN status on staging and treatment of breast cancer, we enrolled 50 consecutive patients with inner or central tumors who received IMN dissection by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) after breast surgery. Of the 50 patients, 20 (40%) had IMN metastases. Of the 20 patients, 6 (12%) were upstaged from N0 to N2b and 5 (10%), 3 (6%) and 6 patients (12%) were upstaged from N1a, N2a, and N3a, respectively, to N3b. Because of the upstaging, 6 patients (12%) with only IMN metastases received more aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy. Because the whole IMN chain was removed in all patients, radiotherapy on IMN field was not required in our cohort independent of IMN status. In conclusion, VATS IMN dissection might lead to stage migration and therapy modification.