Vitamin D and Allergy Susceptibility during Gestation and Early Life

Worldwide, the prevalence of allergies in young children, but also vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and in newborns is rising. Vitamin D modulates the development and activity of the immune system and a low vitamin D status during pregnancy and in early life might be associated with an increased risk to develop an allergy during early childhood. This review studies the effects of vitamin D during gestation and early life, on allergy susceptibility in infants. The bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D, inhibits maturation and results in immature dendritic cells that cause a decreased differentiation of naive T cells into effector T cells. Nevertheless, the development of regulatory T cells and the production of interleukin-10 was increased. Consequently, a more tolerogenic immune response developed against antigens. Secondly, binding of 1,25(OH)2D to epithelial cells induces the expression of tight junction proteins resulting in enhanced epithelial barrier function. Thirdly, 1,25(OH)2D increased the expression of anti-microbial peptides by epithelial cells that also promoted the defense mechanism against pathogens, by preventing an invasive penetration of pathogens. Immune intervention by vitamin D supplementation can mitigate the disease burden from asthma and allergy. In conclusion, our review indicates that a sufficient vitamin D status during gestation and early life can lower the susceptibility to develop an allergy in infants although there remains a need for more causal evidence.     

新生儿应激性溃疡出血38例临床分析

目的 :探讨新生儿应激性溃疡出血病儿的防治措施。方法 :综合治疗原发病 ,纠正缺氧、酸中毒、抗感染等 ,静滴止血敏、甲氰咪胍止血 ,效果欠佳者加用云南白药鼻饲。结果 :治疗 3 8例 ,治愈率 86.84% ,病死率 10 .5 4% ,死因为多脏器功能衰竭和DIC。结论 :止血敏、甲氰咪胍合用止血效果好 ,加用云南白药可用于防治应激性溃疡出血。     

Development of receptoral responses in pigmented and albino guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus)

We describe the postnatal development of the electroretinogram (ERG) receptoral response in the guinea pig. In addition, the time course and nature of maturation was compared between albino and pigmented strains to consider the role that melanogenesis might have in this process. Electroretinograms were collected on groups of albino and pigmented animals from postnatal day (PD) PD1 to PD60. A-wave amplitudes and implicit times were extracted from filtered data (0–75 Hz). Receptoral components were modelled using the delayed gaussian model of Hood and Birch [1] fitted as an ensemble to the raw data. Guinea pigs show saturated amplitudes (Rm_P3) that are 50% of adult values at birth, these mature by PD12. Receptoral delay (t_d) also undergoes some postnatal maturation, while phototransduction gain (log S) is adult-like at birth. Albino animals had significantly (p<0.05) larger Rm_P3 and log S across all ages. Guinea pigs have significant postnatal development in their receptoral response. Maturation of Rm_P3 implies a postnatal increase in rod outer segment length. Whereas the adult values of log S implies a mature phototransduction process at birth. We argue that the likely cause for the larger log S of albino eyes is compatible with theories of increased levels of internal light. Whereas the larger Rm_P3, even after allowing for increased light effectiveness, may reflect a lower ocular resistance in albino eyes due to their lower levels of melanin. Furthermore, decreased Rm_P3 and log S with age is observed in the pigmented group only and is consistent with increased ocular resistance due to melanin development in this strain. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血浆一氧化氮与氧自由基的变化及意义

目的：探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）及氧自由基（ＯＦＲ）在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）中的作用及意义。方法：取正常及ＨＩＥ急性期新生儿的静脉血制备成血浆,采用硝酸还原酶法测定ＮＯ的含量,用化学比色法测定ＭＤＡ的含量及ＳＯＤ的活力,用ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定ＮＳＥ水平。结果：ＨＩＥ急性期新生儿血浆ＮＯ、ＭＤＡ及ＮＳＥ水平较正常对照组新生儿均明显增高（均Ｐ＜０．０１）;而ＳＯＤ活力则明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＮＯ和ＯＦＲ与新生儿ＨＩＥ的发病机制有关。     

高频振荡通气在新生儿重症肺疾病中的应用

目的　 为观察高频振荡通气 (HFOV)治疗新生儿重症肺疾病的应用价值及安全性。 方法 　 2 7例新生儿重症肺疾病 ,15例应用HFOV治疗 ,12例应用常频机械通气 (CMV)治疗 ,观察治疗前后 2 4h内氧合参数及呼吸机参数的变化。 结果 　HFOV组 2 4h内氧浓度 (FiO2 )迅速从 ( 0 85± 0 11)降至 ( 0 5 3± 0 0 8) ,P <0 0 1;平均气道压 (MAP)从 ( 15 3± 1 8)cmH2 O降至( 11 2± 2 1)cmH2 O(P <0 0 1) ,氧合指数 (OI)从 ( 3 4± 10 )降至 ( 2 0± 4) (P <0 0 1) ,二氧化碳分压 (PCO2 )从 ( 6 9± 0 8)kPa迅速降至 ( 5 4± 0 9)kPa(P <0 0 1)。HFOV期间血压、心率无明显变化。 结论 　HFOV治疗新生儿重症肺疾病 ,通气效果优于CMV ,氧合改善快 ,短时间内氧浓度、MAP下降更快 ,是一种疗效肯定、安全性好的新型机械通气方法。     

Neonatal Hemochromatosis, Renal Tubular Dysgenesis, and Hypocalvaria in a Neonate

We report a neonate with neonatal hemochromatosis (NH), renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD), and hypocalvaria. NH is a fatal condition of the newborn, characterized by severe idiopathic liver failure of intrauterine onset and siderosis, intra- and extrahepatic, with sparing of the reticuloendothelial system. RTD is characterized by short, abnormally developed cortical tubules that lack proximal tubule differentiation. Although both NH and RTD have been reported as entities with a genetic component, similar findings can be secondary to in utero insults. Hypocalvaria has been reported in association with fetal hypoxia including that secondary to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. This 38-week-old infant died at 8.5 h. The small nodular liver weighed 44 g. Grossly, the kidneys were normal. Hypocalvaria was present. Microscopically, the hepatic parenchyma was distorted by fibrous tracts, proliferation of bile ducts, and abundant iron deposition in hepatocytes. Extrahepatic siderosis in the pancreas, myocardium, and other organs was consistent with NH. Proximal convoluted tubules were not seen on routine stains and markers for proximal tubules were negative. Previous reports have linked NH with RTD and RTD with hypocalvaria. This infant had all three of these rare conditions, which have been hypothesized or shown to be due to genetic factors, hypoxia, or drugs. The etiology in this case is unknown. Received May 20, 1997; accepted August 15, 1997.     

妊娠高血压综合征对足月新生儿胰岛素敏感性的影响

【目的】　探讨母亲孕期患妊高征对足月新生儿胰岛素敏感性的影响。　【方法】　 13 0名足月新生儿 ,其母孕前无慢性高血压 ,孕期无宫内感染及糖尿病 ,新生儿出生后无窒息史 ,未发现明显畸形。根据母亲孕期是否患妊高征将研究对象分为两组 ,所有研究对象均进行出生测量 ,并于生后 3d做餐前血糖、胰岛素 ,72名新生儿做了血脂检查。　【结果】　妊高征母亲所生新生儿的平均出生体重、身长及胸围均明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;血糖水平两组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但胰岛素及胰岛素 /血糖则明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。上述发现在对出生体重修正后 ,依然存在。不仅如此妊高征母亲所生新生儿的平均TG水平高于对照组 ,而HDL c低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　母亲妊高征对新生儿的出生体重及胰岛素敏感性均有一定的影响     

高危儿行为发育的早期干预治疗

【目的】　通过早期干预促进高危儿的行为发育。　【方法】　将 78例高危儿随机分为干预组、未干预组 ,并设正常新生儿对照组。仅对干预组患儿实施早期康复干预 ,定期随访 ,以《贝莉智能发育量表》进行智能发育评估 ;未干预组、对照组患儿只进行常规体格检查和育儿指导。 1岁时通过《Gesell发育诊断量表》对三组患儿进行智能发育的最终评估。　【结果】　 3、9月龄时干预组患儿智力发育指数及运动发育指数均高于未干预组 (P <0 .0 1) ,可达对照组水平 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;1岁时Gesell智能检查 ,干预组与未干预组比较除大运动能区不存在差异外 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,其它四大能区差异均存在非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,与对照组比较五大能区差异均无显著性。　【结论】　早期干预可促进高危儿的行为发育 ,改善其预后。     

新生儿窒息后血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶与Apgar评分关系分析

目的 :探讨新生儿窒息后血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)浓度与Apgar评分关系。方法 :选择窒息新生儿52例 ,同期健康无窒息对照22例 ,采用免疫放射分析法 (RIA)测定其生后24小时血清NES水平。结果 :(1)1分钟和5分钟Apgar评分时 ,4～7分组与≤3分组之间血清NSE浓度差异均无显著性。 (2)5分钟复苏组、10分钟复苏组、>10分钟复苏组与对照组间血清NSE浓度差异具有统计学意义 (F=6.21,P<0.05)。>10分钟复苏组的血清NSE浓度较10分钟复苏组、5分钟复苏组及对照组明显升高 (P均<0.01)。结论 :新生儿窒息时 ,血清中NSE浓度与Apgar评分关系并非一致 ,而与复苏时间变化一致 ,复苏时间越长 ,NSE升高越明显