Vascular anatomy of gracilis muscle arterial findings to enhance graciloplasty

Dynamic graciloplasty has recently been developed for reconstruction of anal function in patients who are fecally incontinent in preference to permanent abdominal colostomy. Since the muscular portion of gracilis is wrapped around the neoanus, the length of the gracilis arc influences the functional outcome of graciloplasty. Although dissection of the main pedicle (i.e. the main artery and vein) can facilitate gracilis to have enough muscle arc, it has been unclear whether there are any vessels proximal to the main pedicle or through the origin of the muscle which could support blood flow into the whole of gracilis. In this study, the vascular anatomy of gracilis in both legs of 26 Japanese cadavers was examined. All muscles had a main pedicle, mean maximum diameter 1.08 mm, entering at the proximal one-third of the muscle. However, only 18 muscles (34.6%) had an accessory artery in the proximal portion in addition to the main pedicle. Some arteries always exist at the origin of the muscle, having a mean maximum diameter of 0.34 mm, suggesting that they might be able to support the whole gracilis without supply from the main pedicle.     

Die Beanspruchung des menschlichen Ellenbogengelenks

Zusammenfassung Bei 80 Objekten werden die Gelenkflächen des menschlichen Ellenbogengelenks untersucht. Die Trochlea und das Capitulum humeri sowie das Caput radii zeigen keine nennenswerten Unterschiede in der Ausdehnung der mit typischem Gelenkknorpel bedeckten Flächen. Dagegen lassen sich für die Ulnazange drei charakteristische Formgruppen abgrenzen: In 3 Fällen kann eine einheitliche Knorpelfläche beobachtet werden. Bei etwa zwei Drittel der untersuchten Objekte liegt im mittleren Bereich der Incisura trochlearis in horizontaler Richtung ein 2–5 mm breiter knorpelfreier Streifen, der den Gelenkknorpel in 2 vollständig getrennte Flächen unterteilt. Das restliche Drittel der Objekte besitzt eine unvollständige Trennung der Gelenkfläche. Unter Berücksichtigung der Vorstellungen von Pauwels über die causale Histogenese der mesenchymalen Stützgewebe sowie der Materialverteilung im Knochengewebe in Abhängigkeit von der einwirkenden Spannungsgröße werden die morphologischen Befunde den für die jeweiligen Skeletelemente von Pauwels ermittelten Spannungsdiagrammen gegenübergestellt. An der Trochlea und dem Capitulum humeri und am Caput radii findet sich eine geradezu ideale Übereinstimmung in der Ausdehnung der Knorpelfläche und der Knochendichte unter den Gelenkflächen mit den entsprechenden Spannungsdiagrammen. An der Ulna trifft dies nur für einen geringen Teil der Objekte zu. Für die unterschiedliche Ausgestaltung der Incisura trochlearis werden zwei mögliche Ursachen diskutiert: 1. die Resultierende R verharre während des Bewegungsablaufes in einzelnen Positionen innerhalb der Incisura trochlearis verschieden lange; 2. der Krümmungsradius der Trochlea humeri sei größer als derjenige im mittleren Bereich der Ulnazange, so daß hier wegen des fehlenden Kontaktes der Gelenkflächen keine Druckübertragung möglich ist.

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The stress of the human elbow jointI. Functional morphology of the articular surfaces

Summary The articular surfaces of 80 human elbow joints are analysed. The trochlea and capitulum humeri and the caput radii of the investigated individuals show no particular differences in the extent of their surfaces covered with typical articular cartilage. On the other hand the form of the incisura trochlearis is rather variable. Three characteristic formgroups are to be discerned. In three objects a continuous cartilage surface has been observed. In 50 of the investigated joints there is a small intersection free from cartilage in the midst of the incisura trochlearis, dividing the articular cartilage in two isolated surfaces. In the rest of the analysed objects the articular surface is divided only partially. According to Pauwels' hypothesis on the causal histogenesis of the mesenchymal supporting tissues and of the density distribution of the bone dependence upon the magnitude of the local unit stress the morphological findings in the single investigated parts of the elbow joint are confronted with the corresponding stress diagram as described by Pauwels. In the trochlea and capitulum humeri and in the caput radii a nearly ideal correspondence of the extent of the articular surface and the density of the bone tissue with the unit stress diagrams are found. In the ulna this correspondence exists only in few of the analysed objects. For the different form of the incisura trochlearis two possible explanations are discussed: 1, during the motion the resultant of forces may stay for a different time in their single positions in the incisura trochlearis; 2. the curvature radius of the trochlea humeri may be greater than that one of the incisura trochlearis in the central area. So no pressure occurs in this part of the articular surface.

Mit freundlicher Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Significance of the latissimus dorsi for shoulder instability. I. Variations in its anatomy around the humerus and scapula

In a cadaveric instability model that leaves all muscles intact initially, we studied anteroinferior glenohumeral dislocation behavior after section of the ligaments on the humeral side of the joint. In this study, the latissimus dorsi seemed to play a role when complete section did not result in a locked anteroinferior dislocation. We therefore initiated a study to test the hypothesis that the latissimus dorsi may, in certain circumstances, depending on variations in its anatomy, influence dislocation behavior. Here, in Part I, we present the results of the anatomic study of latissimus dorsi and its tendons. The anatomy of the latissimus dorsi pertaining to the scapula and humerus was studied in 100 cadaver specimens. The distance between the uppermost part of the tendon of both the latissimus dorsi and the teres major and the edge of the articular cartilage of the humeral head (tendon-cartilage distance, TCD) as well as the width and length of the tendons were measured. Furthermore, the relationship between latissimus dorsi and the inferior angle of the scapula was studied. The tendon of the latissimus dorsi inserted at a variable distance from the cartilage of the humeral head: the TCD ranged from 12.6 to 31.6 mm (mean 21.06 mm+/-5.11 mm). The latissimus dorsi can have muscular fibers arising from the inferior angle of the scapula (type 1 scapular connection, 43%). Alternatively, there may be only a few fibrous strands between the muscle and the scapula or there may be an intervening bursa (type 2 scapular connection, 57%). This variability in the morphology of the latissimus dorsi may be a factor explaining the differences observed in a study of humerus-based sequential cutting of the glenohumeral capsule. This possibility is explored in Part II of the study. The latissimus dorsi may also complete the tendinous protection of the humeral side of the capsule generally provided by the rotator cuff.     

咽下缩肌的形态特征及其临床意义

目的：为提高全喉切除术后患者用发音管发音重建的成功率，选择最能影响发音重建成功的咽下缩肌进行研究。方法：对４０具正常成人尸体标本咽下缩肌的解剖结构进行了详细的观察和测量。测量咽下缩肌各起点处的宽度，在甲状软骨板后缘的厚度；止点的长度；环咽肌后壁的测量；并用组织切片法观察咽缝的结构。结果：发现咽下缩肌不仅有起于甲状软骨和环状软骨的肌纤维，而且有起于第１气管环的肌纤维和肌腱。咽缝不是呈线状，而是呈条带状。结论：对发音重建行咽缩肌切断术有重要的临床意义。     

经下颌下咽后入路颅颈交界腹侧区手术的应用解剖

目的:为临床经下颌下咽后入路处理颅颈交界腹侧区病变提供解剖学基础。方法:对15例(30侧)带颈头颅标本模拟经下颌下咽后入路进行显微外科解剖,同时进行了有关的数据测量。结果:该入路浅层的重要结构均位于各自的筋膜层中,以这些结构为解剖学标志可鉴别各层并引导手术进行。咽结节是显露的上限,限制骨窗侧方显露范围的各重要结构的内缘距正中线的水平距离分别为寰枢外侧关节,左(7.78±1.03)mm,右(7.81±1.01)mm;寰枕关节,左(9.27±1.86)mm,右(9.22±1.69)mm;舌下神经管内口,左(12.76±2.77)mm,右(12.81±2.53)mm及椎动脉C2水平,左(18.36±2.27)mm,右(18.47±2.14)mm;C1水平左(25.35±2.31)mm,右(25.18±2.33)mm;穿硬膜处,左(12.69±2.42)mm,右(12.72±2.39)mm。结论:(1)经下颌下咽后入路解剖上大致可分为3个层次:浅层,深层和骨、韧带及硬膜层。(2)掌握每个层次的解剖特点及操作要点,有助于安全充分的显露和处理咽颅颈交界腹侧区病变。     

后鼓室颞骨切片与CT对照研究

目的：为后鼓室及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：l5例成人头部标本，以眦耳线（cML）为基线，获得间隔为1．00mm，厚度为1．00mm的CT图像，扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1．00mm的连续横断薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照，对颞骨内砧骨窝、鼓索隆起、茎突隆起、面神经隐窝、鼓室窦、岬小桥、外耳道上棘等结构进行观察。结果：砧骨窝深度为1．49mm，至面神经锥曲的距离为5．67mm。后鼓室窦内侧壁至面神经水平部的距离为3．14mm。外耳道上棘至面神经垂直段、鼓索神经、鼓岬的距离分别为16．76mm、15．94mm和21．81mm。结论：耳颞区断面标本与CT图像进行对照研究，其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗具有参考价值。     

小腿前外侧和足背外侧岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为临床施行经小腿骨间膜前方游离腓动、静脉的小腿前外侧岛状皮瓣和足背外侧岛状皮瓣转位术提供解剖基础。方法:用46侧成尸下肢标本动脉灌注红色乳胶,观测腓动脉穿支及其外径,外踝前动脉弓和足背外侧动脉弓的外径及其皮支。结果:腓动脉下1/3段紧贴小腿骨间膜后方走行,发出2～5支穿支营养小腿前外侧皮肤,动脉外径(1.2±0.4)mm,穿支之间相距10～20mm不等。外踝前动脉弓外径(1.3±0.5)mm,两条伴行静脉外径分别为(1.7±0.5)mm和(1.3±0.4)mm。足背外侧动脉弓外径(1.1±0.5)mm,两条伴行静脉外径分别为(1.3±0.5)mm和(1.1±0.4)mm,发出皮支营养足背外侧皮肤。皮瓣切取范围为小腿外侧和足背外侧。结论:经小腿骨间膜前方游离腓动脉及其穿支与外踝前动脉和跗外侧动脉吻合形成的小腿前外侧和足背外侧串联岛状皮瓣,增加了血管蒂的长度,扩大了皮瓣的切取面积,增加了临床应用的灵活性。     

上矢状窦三维断层解剖及其临床意义

目的：为给临床影像诊断提供解剖依据，方法：应用２４例头部标本研究了上矢状窦的三维断层解剖，结果：在正中矢状断层内，上矢状窦呈前窄后宽的弯曲裂隙，在冠状和横断层中，上矢状窦呈圆形，椭圆形，三角形和楔形，并测量了有关数据，结论：上矢状窦在各断层内的形态与其和人体横断面及冠状面所成的角度有关。     

后路经皮内窥镜下颈椎椎间盘切除术的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的　探讨后路经皮内窥镜下颈椎椎间盘切除术的安全范围。 方法　选取20具成人颈椎标本，分别测量C3/C4至C6/C7各节段左右两侧V点与硬脊膜外侧距离、V点与椎动脉水平及垂直距离、小关节面宽度，并进行统计学比较。 结果　V点与硬脊膜外侧距离为：左（1.31±0.32）~（2.46±0.60） mm，右（1.29±0.35）~（2.75±0.45） mm，各节段间差别有统计学意义，同一水平左右差别无统计学意义；V点与椎动脉水平距离为：左（2.17±0.42）~（5.10±0.93） mm，右（1.99±0.39）~（5.00±0.71） mm，各节段间差别有统计学意义，同一水平左右差别无统计学意义；V点与椎动脉垂直距离为：左（11.05±1.06）~（13.47±1.12）mm，右（11.33±1.20）~（13.61±1.01）mm，同一水平左右侧差别有统计学意义，节段间比较C3/C4与C4 /C5无明显差异，其余节段间差别均有统计学意义；小关节面宽度为：左（10.79±0.93）~（12.66±0.88） mm，右（10.86±0.68）~（12.54±0.70）mm。 结论　后路经皮内窥镜下颈椎椎间盘切除术的安全范围宜控制在距V点内侧C₃/C₄至C₆/C₇各水平1.20~2.00 mm；磨除范围距V点外侧C₃/C₄至C₆/C₇各水平超过2.00~5.00 mm时可能到达椎动脉体表投影处，因此需注意此时的手术进入深度宜控制在：C₃/C₄~C₆/C₇各节段距V点11.00~14.00 mm。     

骨盆骨折出血动脉栓塞的解剖学基础

目的：了解骨盆动脉侧枝吻合特点，探讨骨盆骨折损伤血管的动脉栓塞的方法。方法：20具新鲜成人骨盆，采用前后双侧入路解剖，观察髂内外血管的走行特点、各动脉间的侧枝吻合情况。结果：骨盆动脉起点口径小于3mm的血管有闭孔动脉、髂腰动脉、骶外侧动脉。骨盆动脉起点口径3～5mm的血管有臀上动脉、臀下动脉、阴部内动脉。骨盆动脉起点口径大于5mm的血管有髂总动脉、髂内动脉、髂外动脉。距骨壁距离大于10mm的血管有髂总动脉、髂内动脉、髂外动脉。距骨壁距离小于10mm的血管有闭孔动脉、髂腰动脉、骶外侧动脉、臀上动脉、臀下动脉。骨盆动脉分支间有广泛的吻合支。结论：骨盆骨折动脉损伤应栓塞损伤的动脉及其主要的侧枝循环。