小学教师心理健康与职业倦怠研究

目的:分析影响小学教师心理健康水平和职业倦怠的主要因素,评估小学教师心理健康以及职业倦怠现状,探讨提高小学教师心理素质的方法与途径,为小学教师心理健康和综合素质提高提供参考和科学依据.方法:采用心理测评和结构式访谈的方法对某小学114名教师作为样本进行研究,选用SCL-90症状自评量表(90题)、和教师职业倦怠量表MBI-ES(22题)施测.结果:小学教师SCL-90各因子与全国常模比较,在强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁三个维度上高于全国常模,值得关注;根据MBI量表的计分和测量标准,小学教师职业倦怠问题有一定的普遍性;小学教师职业倦怠三个维度与心理健康9因子均呈正相关.结论:小学教师在强迫、人际、抑郁方面得分偏高,并可能是引起职业倦怠的影响因素之一,应提高心理健康水平以改善其职业倦怠现状.     

Mental health,financial, and social outcomes among older adults with probable COVID-19 infection: A longitudinal cohort study

We investigated the immediate and longer-term impact (over 4-6 months) of probable COVID-19 infection on mental health, wellbeing, financial hardship, and social interactions among older people living in England. Data were analysed from 5146 older adults participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing who provided data before the pandemic (2018-19) and at two COVID-19 assessments in 2020 (June-July and November-December). The associations of probable COVID-19 infection (first COVID-19 assessment) with depression, anxiety, poor quality of life (QoL), loneliness, financial hardship, and social contact with family/friends at the first and second COVID-19 assessments were tested using linear/logistic regression and were adjusted for pre-pandemic outcome measures. Participants with probable infection had higher levels of depression and anxiety, poorer QoL, and greater loneliness scores compared with those without probable infection at both the first (OR_depression = 1.62, P-value = 0.005; OR_anxiety = 1.59, P-value = 0.049; b_poorQoL = 1.34, P < 0.001; b_loneliness = 0.49, P < 0.001) and second (OR_depression = 1.56, P-value = 0.003; OR_anxiety = 1.55, P-value = 0.041; b_poorQoL = 1.38, P-value < 0.001; b_loneliness = 0.31, P-value = 0.024) COVID-19 assessments. Participants with probable infection also experienced greater financial difficulties than those without infection at the first assessment (OR = 1.50, P-value = 0.011). Probable COVID-19 infection is associated with longer-term deterioration of mental health and wellbeing and short-term increases in financial hardship among older adults. It is important to monitor the mental health of older people affected by COVID-19 and provide additional support to those in need.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected several aspects of people’s lives, including physical and mental health, employment and financial security, social connections, and access to healthcare (1). Despite a large body of research documenting the adverse psychosocial effects of the pandemic and its containment measures across the population, little is currently known regarding the impact that contracting COVID-19 itself may have on the individual’s mental health, personal finances, and social relationships.Several longitudinal studies have reported increases in depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress in the adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with prepandemic levels (2, 3). People who have contracted COVID-19 might be particularly vulnerable to the psychological impact of the pandemic. Indeed, initial evidence suggests that the experience of COVID-19 symptoms is associated not only with adverse physical consequences, but also with long-term effects on mental health (4, 5). Various mechanisms could underlie the psychological effects of COVID-19 infection, including the potential neurotropic properties of the virus (6, 7); the presence of elevated proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6) in patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms (8), which are implicated in the development of psychiatric disorders such as depression (9); and the exposure to prolonged periods of social isolation and physical inactivity in people affected by COVID-19 (10), which in turn can increase mental distress and feelings of loneliness. Compounded by the widespread psychosocial effects of the pandemic across the population, these factors might further exacerbate the risk of mental health problems among individuals recovering from COVID-19 infection.Data from previous coronavirus epidemics demonstrate the potential psychiatric consequences of the virus in both the acute and postacute phases of the illness (11). Further, studies across different countries have found that individuals reporting COVID-19 symptoms and patients recovering from acute COVID-19 illness exhibit increased levels of anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, loneliness, and poor quality of life (QoL) compared with healthy people (5, 12–19). Studies using data from electronic health records in the United States have also shown that COVID-19 patients with no previous psychiatric history are at increased risk of first-time diagnosis of psychiatric disorders compared with those affected by other health events (e.g., influenza) or healthy controls (20, 21). However, most studies to date are limited by small, nonrepresentative samples and short follow-up periods, and they lack longitudinal data on the participants’ mental health before COVID-19, as well as data on confounding factors. Since individuals with preexisting mental disorders seem particularly susceptible to COVID-19 infection (20, 22), it is unclear the extent to which reverse causality and confounding bias might contribute to the association between COVID-19 infection and psychological distress. In addition, studies involving electronic health records or clinical samples may not capture individuals with moderate COVID-19 symptoms and those with less severe mental health problems who do not present to health services.Longitudinal cohort studies are well suited to study the immediate and longer-term psychosocial consequences of COVID-19 infection in the general population, as they include comprehensive information on mental health before the infection and other confounding factors (e.g., sex, age, socioeconomic position). Results from the United Kingdom suggest that people with probable COVID-19 symptoms experience greater psychological distress up to 7 months following the start of the infection (23). In contrast, an online study in the United States found evidence only for short-term psychological effects that diminish as the symptoms subside (24). Notably, these studies have only focused on general psychological distress; therefore, the impact of COVID-19 infection on specific mental health and wellbeing outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety, loneliness, and QoL) in the general population is unclear.Numerous studies have also highlighted the financial impact of the pandemic—including job losses, pay cuts, reductions in household income, fluctuations in stock markets and wealth held in risky assets, and widespread financial worries (25–27)—as well as its adverse consequences for various domains of social relationships, including social networks, social support, and social interaction (28, 29). However, these studies relate to the whole population rather than to people with COVID-19 infection. Empirical evidence regarding the impact that COVID-19 infection may have on a person’s financial situation and social relationships is limited. For instance, cross-sectional results suggest that adults who have experienced COVID-19 are more likely to report that their social relationships, work, and household finances have been adversely affected by the pandemic, compared with those who have not had COVID-19 (30). However, this analysis did not account for preexisting trends in social connections and economic outcomes, and it was unable to disentangle short-term versus longer-term psychosocial consequences of the infection.Older adults are at increased risk of social isolation and serious illness following COVID-19 infection (31), and they also are particularly vulnerable to the effects of chronic stress on the brain (32). A recent analysis of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) also demonstrates that the mental health and wellbeing of the older population deteriorated significantly as the pandemic progressed in 2020, compared with prepandemic levels (33). Given these factors, older people might be disproportionally affected by the psychosocial effects of COVID-19 infection. However, little research on COVID-19 has involved older adults who are also often unable to access online surveys (34). In addition, care-seeking behaviors changed considerably in the early stages of the pandemic, with large numbers of older adults with care needs not actively contacting health services and not seeking help (35). Therefore, older adults’ experiences of COVID-19 might be underrepresented in earlier studies.In the present analysis, we investigated the immediate and longer-term impact (over 4 to 6 months) of probable COVID-19 infection on mental health (i.e., depression and anxiety), wellbeing (i.e., QoL and loneliness), financial hardship, and social interactions in a large, representative sample of older adults from ELSA. In addition, we assessed whether the psychosocial impact of probable COVID-19 infection might vary across different sociodemographic groups. All outcomes were assessed before the pandemic began (i.e., 2018/2019) and on two occasions during the pandemic, which enabled us to test both short-term and longer-term associations. The data were collected online and by telephone interview to ensure coverage of those without internet access.     

社区严重精神障碍患者危险行为发生风险预测模型

背景 严重精神障碍患者危险行为发生率较一般人群更高,我国对社区严重精神障碍患者危险行为发生风险的预测研究尚不多见,尤其缺乏除传统预测方法之外的数据挖掘技术预测模型的研究和比较。目的 采用Logistic回归分析及分类决策树构建社区严重精神障碍患者危险行为发生风险的预测模型,检验分类决策树模型是否优于Logistic回归模型。方法 于2023年12月,选取2013年—2022年随访记录完整的11 484名社区严重精神障碍在管患者,按8∶2随机分为训练集（n=9 186）与测试集（n=2 298）。在训练集中,分别使用Logistic回归分析和分类决策树建立预测模型,在测试集评价模型的区分度和校准度。结果 1 115例（9.71%）严重精神障碍患者在随访期间出现危险行为。Logistic回归分析结果显示,城市户籍、贫困、有监护人、精神残疾、危险行为史阳性、自知力不全、自知力缺失、有阳性症状是患者发生危险行为的危险因素（OR=1.778、1.459、2.719、1.483、3.890、1.423、2.528、2.124,P均<0.01）;年龄≥60岁、受过教育、医嘱无需用药以及社会功...     

Mental disorders into adulthood among adolescents placed in residential care: A prospective 10-year follow-up study

BackgroundChild welfare and juvenile justice placed youths show high levels of psychosocial burden and high rates of mental disorders. It remains unclear how mental disorders develop into adulthood in these populations. The aim was to present the rates of mental disorders in adolescence and adulthood in child welfare and juvenile justice samples and to examine their mental health trajectories from adolescence into adulthood.MethodsSeventy adolescents in shared residential care, placed by child welfare (n = 52, mean age = 15 years) or juvenile justice (n = 18, mean age = 17 years) authorities, were followed up into adulthood (child welfare: mean age = 25 years; juvenile justice: mean age = 27 years). Mental disorders were assessed based on the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision diagnoses at baseline and at follow-up. Epidemiological information on mental disorders was presented for each group. Bivariate correlations and structural equation modeling for the relationship of mental disorders were performed.ResultsIn the total sample, prevalence rates of 73% and 86% for any mental disorder were found in adolescence (child welfare: 70%; juvenile justice: 83%) and adulthood (child welfare: 83%; juvenile justice: 94%) respectively. General psychopathology was found to be stable from adolescence into adulthood in both samples.ConclusionsOur findings showed high prevalence rates and a high stability of general psychopathology into adulthood among child welfare and juvenile justice adolescents in Swiss residential care. Therefore, continuity of mental health care and well-prepared transitions into adulthood for such individuals is highly warranted.     

临床护士心理弹性与共情疲劳相关性的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析的方法评价临床护士心理弹性与共情疲劳的相关性。方法 检索美国科学引文索引网络版数据库(Web of Science)、世界医学文献数据库(PubMed)、Ovid电子期刊全文数据库、EBSCO护理学全文学术期刊(CINAHL)、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库和维普全文电子期刊,检索时限为2001年1月—2021年10月,查找关于临床护士心理弹性与共情疲劳相关性的文献。由2名研究人员根据纳入、排除标准独立筛选、评价文献。提取资料后,使用RevMan 5.2进行Meta分析。结果 共计纳入4项研究,文献质量中等。Meta分析结果显示,护士心理弹性与共情疲劳合并相关系数为-0.22,亚组分析显示,ICU护士心理弹性与共情疲劳水平相关系数高于全院护士。结论 临床护士的心理弹性水平越高,其共情疲劳的程度越低,ICU护士心理弹性与共情疲劳水平相关性更高。建议护理管理者加大对于临床护士心理弹性建立的支持,减少共情疲劳对临床护士工作的影响。     

Exploring the online learning experience of first-year speech–language pathology students in a Johannesburg-based university

BackgroundUnderstanding the learning experiences of first-year speech–language pathology (SLP) students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is essential to ensure that academic staff are able to support and enhance the transition from secondary to tertiary education. An understanding of the student experience could lead to improved support strategies that could be beneficial for the blended learning environment that the University of the Witwatersrand will be entering from 2022.ObjectivesThis research explored the experiences of first-year SLP students in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodAn exploratory mixed-method concurrent triangulation design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from likert scales. Qualitative data were collected from critical incident timelines. Themes were identified from both the Likert scales as well as the critical incident timelines using bottom-up thematic analysis.ResultsThe majority of participants reflected that their online learning through the pandemic in 2021 was successful. The themes that emerged from this year pertain to 2021 and the specific participants however, it provides an important insight that the students’ needs change during a year. As a lecturer, one needs to consider these evolving needs to ensure students have the support that they require to be successful in their learning.ConclusionThis research provided insights into the evolving nature of the support first-year SLP students require in the online learning space during the COVID-19 pandemic.     

射益脑Ⅰ号对消除射击运动员精神疲劳的研究

31名国家射击集训队员分别服用“射益脑Ⅰ号”及安慰剂前、中、后进行了脑电、兰托利特圆及血压、心率等精神疲劳指标的综合观察。结果表明,服用“射益脑Ⅰ号”后,脑电波活动明显得到改善,视力明显提高,并能双向调节血压,对睡眠、食欲、情绪均有良好的调节。兴奋剂检测尿样49人次,无一例阳性。     

Mental health, demographic, and risk behavior profiles of pregnant survivors of childhood and adult abuse

Our objective was to address the gap in knowledge about the extent to which perinatal mental health and risk behaviors are associated with childhood and adult experiences of abuse that arises because of barriers to screening and disclosure about past and current abuse. Survey data from an ongoing study of the effects of posttraumatic stress on childbearing were used to describe four groups of nulliparous women: those with no abuse history, adult abuse only, childhood abuse only, and abuse that occurred during both periods. The rates of abuse history disclosure were higher in the research context than in the clinical settings. Mental health morbidity and risk behaviors occurred in a dose-response pattern with cumulative abuse exposure. Rates of current posttraumatic stress disorder ranged from 4.1% among those never abused to 11.4% (adult only), 16.0% (childhood only), and 39.2% (both periods). Women abused during both periods also were more likely to be using tobacco (21.5%) and drugs (16.5%) during pregnancy. We conclude that mental health and behavioral risk sequelae affect a significant portion of both childhood and adult abuse survivors in prenatal care. The integration into the maternity setting of existing evidence-based interventions for the mental health and behavioral sequelae of abuse is needed.     

社区精神分裂症患者精神康复状况及相关因素调查

目的：了解社区精神分裂症患者的精神康复状况并分析相关影响因素。方法：应用自编问卷收集178例社区精神分裂症患者的精神康复相关资料，由精神科医生对患者评定社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）、临床大体印象量表（CGI）、简明精神病量表（BPRS）。结果：轻度精神残疾者为60．7％，中度及以上者为39．3％。患者的年龄、婚姻状况、首次发病年龄、病程、住院次数、治疗依从性、病情严重程度、精神症状及自知力与患者的社会功能恢复情况显著相关。结论：社区精神分裂症患者多数社会功能恢复较好，患者的社会人口学特征、治疗依从性和病情严重程度影响康复状况。