Sodium channel blockade enhances dispersion of the cardiac action potential duration

Summary The goal of this study was to elucidate the causes why the proarrhythmic activity of sodium channel blocking drugs is enhanced during the post-infarction period. Therefore, we studied the effects of a reduction in sodium conductance on the action potential duration and its dispersion in a simulated array of 1600 ventricular myocytes. Cardiac tissue is known to possess anisotropic properties with regard to the intercellular electrical resistance (R). Infarction as well as aging causes deposition of collagen in the cardiac tissue, thereby inducing zones of high electrical resistance leading to a non-uniform anisotropy (Spach et al., Circ Res 62811, 1988). For our study an array of 40*40 ventricular myocytes was simulated using Beeler-Reuter-algorithms. Physical tissue properties were assumed to be either a) uniform anisotropic (i.e., all longitudinal R=5000 cm, all transversal R=20000 cm; UA) or b) non-uniform anisotropic (i.e., transversal R for the inner 10*10 cells was set to 10¹⁰ cm; NUA). Mean action potential duration (APD) was increased under UA (287 ms, dispersion: 0,8 ms) when compared to NUA (285 ms, disp.: 3,2 ms). Assuming a 25% decrease in sodium conductance, we found the total activation time (TAT) to be increased (from 99 to 139 ms), indicating slowing of conduction, APD to be shortened (from 287 to 259 ms), and the APD-dispersion to be increased (from 0.8 to 29 ms) in UA. These changes were more pronounced in the case of NUA: increase in TAT from 103 to 150 ms, APD-shortening from 285 to 214 ms and a marked increase in APD-Dispersion from 3.2 to 53 ms). From these results it is concluded that a) the effects of a reduced sodium conductance are more pronounced in NUA tissue, and b) that the resulting increase in dispersion may provoke arrhythmia by local differences in APD.This may be one of the mechanisms underlying the increased proarrhythmic risk of class I antiarrhythmic drugs in the postinfarction period.     

How do normal subjects learn a simple adaptative task: How and why do paranoid schizophrenic patients fail?

Summary The authors studied the behavior of normal subjects and paranoid schizophrenic patients in a simple problem-solving situation. The schizophrenics were divided into two sample groups, one of individuals under treatment and the other of individuals not under treatment.The learning process involved in this problem-solving situation is very similar to an instrumental conditioning, and can be understood by means of the following assumptions: (1) the subjects use decision functions in reacting to the stimuli, although they may be not fully aware of this; (2) learning is the result of successive transformations of these decisions in the course of time; (3) the changes have specific probabilities and are related to (a) those responses which are made to the latest stimuli, and (b) a differential probability for decision functions which were effective, or only interrupted painful reinforcement, or were completely ineffective.In schizophrenics further factors of importance were (1) an inertia factor and (2) the rigidly continued use of unsuccessful or only partially successful decision criteria.The authors used a systems theory based on Galois field theory and a calculus of operators specifying three groups of subjects. A computer program based on these hypotheses was tested in a simulation experiment.The statistical evaluation of the results showed a congruence between the theoretical approach and the experimental data.This work was carried out with financial support from the Institute de Alta Cultura, Lisbon, between 1970 and 1974     

红霉素肠溶微丸制备工艺

采用挤出—滚圆技术制备红霉素微丸丸芯，并用正交设计筛选其制备工艺；以甲基丙烯酸共聚物水分散体为包衣材料，建立微丸包衣数学模型指导包衣工艺。     

Can virtual simulation of breast tangential portals accurately predict lung and heart volumes?

A treatment portal or simulator image has traditionally been used to demonstrate the lung and heart coverage of the breast tangential portal. In many cases, these images were acquired as a planning session on the linear accelerator. The patients were also CT scanned to assess the lung/heart volume and to determine the surgical site depth for the electron‐boost energy. A study using 50 consecutive patients was performed comparing the digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) from the virtual simulation with treatment portal images. Modification to the patient's arm position is required when performing the planning CT scans due to the aperture size of the CT scanner. Virtual simulation was used to assess the potential variation of lung and heart measurements. The average difference in lung volume between the DRR and portal image was less than 2 mm, with a range of 0?5 mm. Arm position did not have a sig­nificant impact on field deviation; however, great care was taken to minimize any changes in arm position. The modification of the arm position for CT scanning did not lead to significant variations between the DRRs and portal images. The Advantage Sim software has proven capable of producing good quality DRR images, providing a realistic representation of the lung and heart volume included in the treatment portal.     

不同定位法应用于鼻咽癌放疗临床分析

[目的]探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗时CT模拟定位的远期疗效及后遗症.[方法]随机将103例经病理证实的鼻咽癌病例分成CT模拟定位组53例和常规模拟定位组50例.CT模拟定位组先设面颈联合野和下颈切线野,常规分割照射,DT36～40Gy后面颈联合野后界前移避开脊髓,后上颈部采用9～12MeV电子线照射,最后阶段采用6MV X线多野适形缩野照射放疗前的肿瘤区,总量68～74Gy.常规模拟定位按骨性标记,先设面颈联合野和下颈切线野,DT36～40Gy后改成耳颞部侧野和耳后电子线野以及全颈切线野.[结果]两组随访5年以上.CT模拟定位组5年生存率、无复发生存率及复发率分别为69.8%、67.9%和7.5%,而常规组分别为50.0%、48.0%和24.0%,两组比较,差异具显著性(P＜0.05).放疗后遗症CT模拟定位组1例耳聋,常规组外展神经麻痹1例,耳聋2例,放射性脑病2例.两组均无放射性脊髓炎.[结论]鼻咽癌放射治疗时用CT定位适形放疗较常规模拟定位放疗能提高疗效,减少复发和放疗后遗症.     

由苍蝇传播引起E．coli O157：H7感染爆发的评估模型的建立

目的 建立苍蝇对E．coli O157：H7传播作用的定量危险性评估模型。方法 在Excel工作表中模拟E．coli O157：H7的粪口传播过程，利用@RISK软件对模型进行Monte Carlo模拟。结果 由此交叉污染途径引起人群感染的概率为10^-5～10^-3／餐。模型预测的结果与爆发调查数据基本吻合。通过模型分析可知，苍蝇排泄物中的含菌量及苍蝇的数量是影响人群感染危险性的重要因素。结论 以苍蝇污染途径模拟E．coli O157：H7感染危险性的定量评估模型，该模型是一个非常有用的评估危害与危险性关系的评估工具。     

EGF刺激下PIP2水解的数学模型

为了研究表皮生长因子刺激下细胞膜上磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸水解的动力学特性,我们根据质量作用定律和准稳态近似原则建立数学模型,模拟磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸的代谢;建立了磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸和表皮生长因子受体间浓度关系的微分方程,讨论了各个参数对磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸浓度变化趋势的影响。这个数学模型描述了磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸代谢的生物学特性以及关键信号分子间的浓度依赖关系。     

Multisim 2001在高频电路中的应用

介绍一个优秀的电路设计与仿真软件Multisim 2001的功能特点，并通过几个高频电路的仿真分析实例，说明该软件在高频电路中的应用，具有方便、经济、高效等优点。     

双层涡轮桨搅拌槽内混合过程的数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件对双层六直叶涡轮桨搅拌槽内的混合过程进行了数值模拟,选用RNG标准κ-ε模型及多重参考系法(MRF),通过改变网格策略,增加网格数量,并降低浓度收敛残差的方法,将速度场与浓度场方程分开求解,预测了不同的加料点、监测点位置及操作条件对混合时间的影响规律。模拟结果表明:搅拌功率的模拟值与实验值吻合良好,但由于模型基于各向同性的假设,且双层六直叶涡轮桨两桨之间子域的存在,混合时间的模拟结果与实验值有较大的误差。     

超细颗粒沉降过程数值模拟

从单个颗粒运动轨迹出发,对存在团聚现象的颗粒沉降过程进行分析,建立了一个分析超细颗粒悬浮液沉降过程的数值模型,提出了加速沉降的促进函数ψ,推导出沉降效率数值模型.并用Matlab程序对钛白去离子水体系分离模型进行了计算模拟,得出钛白悬浮液沉降过程有3个阶段:微观力影响与宏观力影响近似平衡的开始阶段,微观力影响占主导的沉降加速阶段,和两者达到新平衡的沉降后期状态.并讨论了颗粒含量和粒径对沉降过程的影响:颗粒含量的降低或是粒径的增大都将使沉降加速阶段时间跨度增加.