父母养育方式与医学生人格特征的相关性研究

目的 探讨父母养育方式与医学生人格特征的关系。方法 采用“父母养育方式问卷”和“艾森克人格问卷”对160名医学生进行测定，并对父母养育方式与人格特征进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果 （1）父母的情感温暖、理解（FF1、MF1）与医学生的内外向（E）呈显著正相关，母亲的过度干涉与保护（MF2）、父亲的严厉惩罚（FF2）与医学生的内外向（E）呈显著负相关，其中MF2对E的影响更为显著。（2）父母的情感温暖，理解（FF1，MF1）与医学生的精神质（P）呈显著负相关，父亲的过度保护（FF6）与医学生的精神质（P）呈显著正相关，其中FF6对P的影响更为显著。（3）父亲的情感温暖，理解（FF1与医学生的神经质（N）呈显著负相关，父母的严厉惩罚（FF2、MF4）和拒绝否认（FF5、MF3）、父亲的过分干涉（FF3）与医学生的神经质（N）呈显著正相关，其中MF3对N的影响更为显著。（4）父母的严厉惩罚（FF2、MF4）和母亲的拒绝否认（MF3）与医学生的掩饰（L）呈显著正相关，其中MF3对L的影响更为显著。结论 父母养育方式对医学生人格特征有重要的影响，预防医学生的人格问题需要父母采取良好的养育方式。     

应对方式对慢性前列腺炎患者预后的影响

目的 观察应对方式对慢性前列腺炎预后的影响。方法 对62例慢性前列腺炎患者，采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)测定患者的个性特征，采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)测定患者心身症状，采用应对分类问卷测定患者的应对方式。结果 以消极应对为主的患者趋内向，且心身症状严重，预后较差。结论 慢性前列腺炎患者的预后与患者的应对方式及人格特征密切相关。     

医学院心理专业学生心理防御机制调查

目的：对医学院医学心理专业的心理防御机制进行调查评估。方法：采用1989年版DSQ防御机制问卷对广东医学院医学心理专业学生（n＝25，三年级）及非心理专业学生（n＝274，三年级）进行调查。结果：心理专业学生动用成熟防御方式频率显著高于非心理专业学生（P＜0．05），而在不成熟防御机制（P＜0．01）及掩饰因子（P＜0．05）上得分显著低于非心理专业学生。结论：心理专业学生的防御方式优于非心理专业学生，心理健康状况较非心理专业学生更为良好。     

Early psychological adjustment in breast cancer patients: A prospective study

Objective: A significant proportion of breast cancer patients experiences psychiatric morbidity in the first year after a breast cancer diagnosis and/or beginning of treatment. This study attempted to identify and understand the risk factors for developing such problems. Methods: A consecutive series of 87 patients, aged 40–75 years, was assessed prior to diagnosis of breast cancer and followed-up approximately 8 weeks after beginning of cancer treatment and again 9 months after first follow-up. Assessments included measures of psychiatric morbidity using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), coping style using the Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) Scale, symptom attribution, beliefs about breast cancer, social support, socio-demographic and clinical variables. Results: A total of 85.1% of patients completed both follow-ups. Pre-diagnostically, 32.2% of breast cancer patients scored as a GHQ-12 ‘case.’ GHQ scores fell significantly between pre-diagnostic and both post-diagnostic assessments, especially in women who had thought they had cancer. Predictors of psychological morbidity at first follow-up included pre-diagnostic GHQ-12 score, lack of social support and feelings of ‘personal responsibility/avoidance.’ GHQ-12 ‘caseness’ at second follow-up was predicted by lack of social support alone. Conclusions: Overall, psychiatric morbidity is higher prior to, than following, a definitive diagnosis of breast cancer. Early reactions of this kind are predictive of post-treatment adjustment. However, only the presence of social support in this study seems to be associated with successful adjustment in the first year following a breast cancer diagnosis. Women at increased risk of psychological morbidity after a breast cancer diagnosis may be thus identifiable and targeted therapeutically.     

住院老年慢性病患者抑郁情绪与应对方式的研究

目的了解住院老年慢性病患者抑郁情绪的发生情况、应对方式的特点及两者之间的相关性。方法以老年抑郁量表(GDS)和医学应对问卷(MCMQ)作为测量工具对61例住院老年慢性病患者进行问卷调查。结果老年慢性病患者抑郁发生率为42.62%,有生活事件创伤、自评失去对现实的控制能力、丧偶、自理能力差、文化程度低、病程长者抑郁量表得分高(P<0.05);老年慢性病患者多采用回避和屈服的应对方式,较少使用面对的应对方式;面对应对方式与抑郁呈负相关,面对的应对方式使用越少的患者越容易产生抑郁的情绪;屈服应对方式与抑郁情绪呈正相关,屈服的应对方式使用越多则患者的抑郁情绪越重(r=-0.456,0.619;P<0.05)。结论护理人员应注意评估老年慢性病患者抑郁情绪的易发生因素,对于更多地采取屈服应对方式的患者也要加强评估和监测,给予相应的护理干预,使患者树立面对疾病的信心,帮助患者疏导抑郁情绪。     

医学生心理弹性与应对方式的相关性及其影响因素

目的:了解医学生心理弹性与应对方式的相关性及其影响因素,为降低医学生心理压力,制定心理弹性干预措施提供科学依据。方法:采用方便抽样方法,对640名医学生采用一般情况问卷、Conner-Davidson心理弹性量表中文版及简易应对方式量表进行问卷调查。结果:640名医学生心理弹性总均分(61.70±12.44)分,显著低于普通成人总均分(65.4±13.9)分,差异具有统计学意义(t=-7.542,P0.01)。相关分析显示,医学生心理弹性总分与积极应对显著正相关(r=0.538,P0.01),与消极应对呈负相关(r=-0.096,P0.05)。进一步回归分析显示,积极应对方式、消极应对方式、担任学生干部及家庭月收入是影响医学生心理弹性的重要因素。结论:医学生心理弹性水平较低,采取积极应对方式、担任学生干部及家庭经济状况好的医学生心理弹性水平更高。     

空巢老人心理健康与人格特征及应对方式的关系

目的:探讨不同类型的空巢老年人的心理健康状态,以及他们的人格特征和应对方式特点及关系。方法:采取症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和应对方式问卷(CSQ)对山东460位老人施测,并用SPSS 16.0予以统计分析。结果:(1)独居的老人在SCL-90中的某些因子得分显著低于寡居老人和非空巢老人(F=3.654,5.361,4.699,3.874,3.031,3.121,6.067,3.301;P0.05);(2)在CSQ量表中,寡居老人在解决问题因子和自责因子得分显著低于其他两组(F=3.512,4.416;P0.05),而另外两组之间没有差异;(3)空巢老人在SCL-90中的总均分与E量表和求助因子之间没有相关关系,与其他因子有显著的相关关系(r=0.218,0.544,-0.225,0.329,0.260,0.243,0.217;P0.01)。结论:(1)独居老年人的心理健康状况优于寡居老人和非空巢老人;(2)寡居的老人倾向于放弃解决问题的途径,并且易产生自责心理;(3)空巢老人的心理健康状态与内外向没有显著联系,但与神经质、精神质和应对方式有密切联系。     

居家临终癌症患者照顾者疲劳感及其影响因素研究

目的调查居家临终癌症患者照顾者疲劳感,并分析其影响因素。方法采用疲劳量表、简易应对方式问卷对116例居家临终癌症患者照顾者进行调查。结果居家临终癌症患者照顾者的疲劳总分为(8.74±3.44)分,83.62%的照顾者处于中、重度疲劳,且以躯体疲劳为主。积极应对、消极应对、患者生活自理能力、照顾时间、协助照顾人数是照顾者疲劳的主要影响因素。结论居家临终癌症患者照顾者疲劳感发生率高,医护人员应针对照顾者疲劳的影响因素,实施有针对性的指导,以减轻居家临终癌症患者照顾者疲劳感,提高其生活质量及身心健康。     

护士群体应对方式和人格特征对职业倦怠的影响

目的：探讨应对策略、人格特征对护士职业倦怠的影响。方法采取整群抽样法,选择本院内科、外科及精神科的临床护士140名为研究对象,采用护士职业倦怠量表、简易应对方式问卷以及五大人格简式量表对这140名临床护士进行调查。结果护士职业倦怠在不同年龄、文化程度、工作岗位、劳动关系以及职称5个方面具有显著性差异（P＜0．05）;职业倦怠高分组在神经质人格特征方面得分显著高于低分组（P＜0．01）,积极应对方式、外倾性、宜人性以及谨慎性则是低分组显著高于高分组（P＜0．01）;情绪疲惫、人格解体、个人成就感降低以及职业倦怠总分与积极应对方式、宜人性及谨慎性人格特征呈显著负相关,而与神经质人格特征呈显著正相关（P＜0．01）;劳动关系、职称、神经质、宜人性和谨慎性人格特征可以对职业倦怠进行预测,可解释回归模型40．6％的变异量。结论年龄在26～30岁、学历高、职称低、从事内外科护理的非在编人员职业倦怠水平高;高职业倦怠水平护士不善于采用积极应对方式,人格特征方面表现为焦虑、压抑等神经质倾向,而宜人性及谨慎性等积极人格特征相对缺少;积极应对方式和人格特质对职业倦怠起到保护作用,而消极应对方式和人格特质是职业倦怠的危险因素。     

Association of Learning Styles with Research Self‐Efficacy: Study of Short‐Term Research Training Program for Medical Students

Purpose

With a growing need for developing future physician scientists, identifying characteristics of medical students who are likely to benefit from research training programs is important. This study assessed if specific learning styles of medical students, participating in federally funded short‐term research training programs, were associated with research self‐efficacy, a potential predictor of research career success.

Method

Seventy‐five first‐year medical students from 28 medical schools, selected to participate in two competitive NIH‐supported summer programs for research training in aging, completed rating scales to evaluate learning styles at baseline, and research self‐efficacy before and after training. We examined associations of individual learning styles (visual‐verbal, sequential‐global, sensing‐intuitive, and active‐reflective) with students’ gender, ranking of medical school, and research self‐efficacy.

Results

Research self‐efficacy improved significantly following the training programs. Students with a verbal learning style reported significantly greater research self‐efficacy at baseline, while visual, sequential, and intuitive learners demonstrated significantly greater increases in research self‐efficacy from baseline to posttraining. No significant relationships were found between learning styles and students’ gender or ranking of their medical school.

Conclusions

Assessments of learning styles may provide useful information to guide future training endeavors aimed at developing the next generation of physician‐scientists.