应对方式在大学生人格建构复杂性与人际关系中的中介作用

目的:依据凯利的人格建构理论,考察应对方式在大学生人格建构复杂性与人际关系中的中介作用.方法:采用角色建构库测验(Rep)和应对方式问卷、大学生人际关系诊断最表对183名大学生施测,并对数据进行方差分析、相关和SEM分析.结果:①大学生人格建构复杂性无显著的性别、专业差异,但年级差异显著.人际关系困扰在性别和年级问差异显著,但无专业差异;②人格建构复杂性与积极应对方式显著正相关,与消极应对方式、人际关系困扰显著负相关;③应对方式在人格建构复杂性与人际关系中起了部分中介作用.结论:人格建构复杂性不仅直接影响人际关系,且通过应对方式间接影响人际关系.     

Basal cortisol and DHEA levels in women with borderline personality disorder

Previous research suggests that in borderline personality disorder (BPD) normal stress regulation, with a main role for cortisol, is disturbed. However, most studies were confounded by their lack of attention to co-morbidity. Relevant patient characteristics such as depression, childhood abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and copying styles were not systematically examined. Moreover, none of the studies incorporated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a hormone that can antagonize the effects of cortisol. Hence, the present pilot study investigates the basic levels of cortisol and DHEA and the ratio (CDR) between the two hormones in BPD patients. Twenty-two women with BPD and 22 healthy female controls provided two diurnal (8 a.m./8 p.m.) salivary samples. Overall cortisol levels were not significantly increased in the patient group as a whole but only in those patients diagnosed with co-morbid PTSD and a history of childhood abuse. The patients’ cortisol secretions decreased relatively less steep during the day than it did in the controls. Surprisingly, morning DHEA levels were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. Moreover, the CDR showed a significantly larger and less favourable increase in the BPD group during the day. In the patients lower levels of DHEA in the evening proved significantly related to a stronger tendency to avoid active problem solving and a lowered inclination to seek social support. The current findings underline the relevance of cortisol and DHEA assessments and the need for further scrutiny of their interplay to foster our understanding of the biological basis of stress regulation in BPD.     

The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta-analytic review

This review examined evidence for some core predictions of the response styles theory (RST) concerning the relation between response styles and symptoms of depression and gender differences in the use of response styles in non-clinical children and adolescents. In summarizing the literature, effect sizes (pooled correlation coefficients) were calculated for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Stability of the obtained effect sizes was evaluated by means of a fail-safe N analysis. Results indicated that stable and significant effect sizes were found for rumination being associated with concurrent and future levels of depression. When controlling for baseline levels of depression, effect sizes for rumination and distraction were not stable, indicating that these findings should be interpreted with considerable caution. Finally, significant and stable effect sizes for gender differences in response styles were found only for rumination among adolescents. Taken together, the findings partly support the predictions of the response styles theory examined in this meta-analysis and may implicate that rumination is a cognitive vulnerability factor for depressive symptoms among adolescents.     

Stressful life events, psychological appraisal and coping style in postmenopausal women

Objectives

The study aim was to investigate what life events postmenopausal women attending a menopause clinic, report as stressful and how psychological appraisal of these events, menopausal symptoms and general stress mediate coping style.

Methods

An observational design was used to recruit 179 postmenopausal women attending a menopause clinic for the first time. Data was collected using self-report questionnaires assessing socio-demographic information, menopausal symptoms, perceived stress, named stressful event, psychological appraisal and coping styles employed.

Results

All of the women were postmenopausal, with a mean age of 50.74 years (SD = 4.75). Stressful events were categorised into family problems, menopause symptoms, work problems, daily hassles and other health problems. The most commonly reported coping styles were in order, catharsis (68%), direct action (66%), and seeking social support (63%). Logistic regression was used to determine what predicts coping style. Socio-demographic variables, menopausal symptoms and general stress levels were not predictive of coping styles in this study. Specific aspects of psychological appraisal were predictive of distraction, direct action, catharsis and seeking social support.

Conclusions

Coping styles most commonly implemented were also the ones predicted by psychological appraisal of the stressful event in this study and tend to be used more so by older women. This information could be used to develop more appropriate interventions for postmenopausal women.     

社交恐惧症患者的16PF测试及父母教养方式调查分析

目的 了解社交恐惧症患者的人格特征,探讨其父母教养方式的特异性因素,为临床心理工作提供依据.方法 使用卡特尔十六种人格因素测试量表(16PF),对57名社交恐惧症患者进行个性测定,用父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)的中文版,对其进行调查,并分别与57名正常对照组进行比较.结果 发现社交恐惧症患者的人格特征16PF中A、C、H、Q2粗分低于正常对照组,I、L、O、Q4粗分高于对照组(各因子t≥3.42,P<0.01).与正常对照组相比,社交恐惧症患者评价其父母对他们惩罚、拒绝否认较多,对他们过分干涉,而缺乏情感温暖(各因子t≥3.85,P<0.01).结论 社交恐惧症的发生有其个性基础,其父母的不良教养方式在社交恐惧症的发生发展中起着重要的作用.     

支气管哮喘患者应对方式与人格类型社会支持的关系

目的 研究支气管哮喘患者应对方式的特点及其与人格类型、社会支持的关系.方法 使用医学应对问卷(MCMQ)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版 (EPQ-RSC)及社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对769名支气管哮喘患者进行了调查研究.结果 与其他慢性病患者相比,支气管哮喘患者较多地采用屈服[(10.17±3.39)分,(8.81±3.17)分]( t =10.99,P ＜0.01)及回避[(15.04±2.98)分,(14.44±2.97)分]的应对策略( t =5.51,P ＜0.01).面对、屈服及回避的应对方式均与人格的不同维度及社会支持存在一定程度的相关,相关分析具有统计学意义(均P ＜0.05).人格特征及社会支持能够显著地预测应对方式的变化.结论 人格类型和社会支持的水平是影响哮喘患者应对方式的重要因素.     

焦虑障碍患者生活事件、应对方式及社会支持状况调查

目的 探讨焦虑障碍患者生活事件、应对方式及社会支持的现状.方法 采用生活事件量表、简易应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表对50例广泛性焦虑症患者(GAD),44例强迫症患者(OCD)、23例社交焦虑障碍患者(SAD)以及99例正常人进行评定.结果 患者组生活事件总分[GAD组(22.46±18.44)分;OCD组(23.68±28.31)分;SAD组(17.22±14.97)分;正常对照组(6.64±9.71)分,F =14.216,P =0.000]和负性生活事件得分[GAD组(18.76±17.99)分;OCD组(20.02±24.98)分;SAD组(12.00±13.16)分;正常对照组(4.56±7.51)分,F =14.391,P =0.000]均显著高于正常对照组;患者组积极应对方式得分( F =16.505,P =0.000)均显著低于正常对照组,广泛性焦虑症组、社交焦虑症组消极应对方式得分显著高于正常对照组;患者组社会支持总分( F =26.506,P =0.000)及客观社会支持( F =7.494,P =0.000)、主观社会支持( F =26.985,P =0.000)和社会支持利用度得分( F =13.931,P =0.000)均低于正常对照组.结论 1.焦虑障碍患者普遍经历了比较多的或者影响比较大的应激性生活事件,更加倾向于采用消极应对方式,社会支持比较匮乏;2. 焦虑障碍的发生发展可能与此类人群的生活事件、应对方式、社会支持情况相关.     

父母养育方式与医学生人格特征的相关性研究

目的 探讨父母养育方式与医学生人格特征的关系。方法 采用“父母养育方式问卷”和“艾森克人格问卷”对160名医学生进行测定，并对父母养育方式与人格特征进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果 （1）父母的情感温暖、理解（FF1、MF1）与医学生的内外向（E）呈显著正相关，母亲的过度干涉与保护（MF2）、父亲的严厉惩罚（FF2）与医学生的内外向（E）呈显著负相关，其中MF2对E的影响更为显著。（2）父母的情感温暖，理解（FF1，MF1）与医学生的精神质（P）呈显著负相关，父亲的过度保护（FF6）与医学生的精神质（P）呈显著正相关，其中FF6对P的影响更为显著。（3）父亲的情感温暖，理解（FF1与医学生的神经质（N）呈显著负相关，父母的严厉惩罚（FF2、MF4）和拒绝否认（FF5、MF3）、父亲的过分干涉（FF3）与医学生的神经质（N）呈显著正相关，其中MF3对N的影响更为显著。（4）父母的严厉惩罚（FF2、MF4）和母亲的拒绝否认（MF3）与医学生的掩饰（L）呈显著正相关，其中MF3对L的影响更为显著。结论 父母养育方式对医学生人格特征有重要的影响，预防医学生的人格问题需要父母采取良好的养育方式。     

应对方式对慢性前列腺炎患者预后的影响

目的 观察应对方式对慢性前列腺炎预后的影响。方法 对62例慢性前列腺炎患者，采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)测定患者的个性特征，采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)测定患者心身症状，采用应对分类问卷测定患者的应对方式。结果 以消极应对为主的患者趋内向，且心身症状严重，预后较差。结论 慢性前列腺炎患者的预后与患者的应对方式及人格特征密切相关。     

医学院心理专业学生心理防御机制调查

目的：对医学院医学心理专业的心理防御机制进行调查评估。方法：采用1989年版DSQ防御机制问卷对广东医学院医学心理专业学生（n＝25，三年级）及非心理专业学生（n＝274，三年级）进行调查。结果：心理专业学生动用成熟防御方式频率显著高于非心理专业学生（P＜0．05），而在不成熟防御机制（P＜0．01）及掩饰因子（P＜0．05）上得分显著低于非心理专业学生。结论：心理专业学生的防御方式优于非心理专业学生，心理健康状况较非心理专业学生更为良好。