Parenting styles and eating disorder pathology

Our objective was to investigate the association between parenting style and eating disorder symptoms in patients treated in an intensive outpatient center for eating disorders. The study design is a cross-sectional survey set in a community-based facility for eating disorders. Participants included 53 families, including 32 with a child meeting the DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa, 18 for bulimia nervosa, and 3 diagnosed ED-NOS. Data was collected using the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). Significant, negative correlations were found between drive for thinness scores and body dissatisfaction scores and the patient's perception of the father as authoritative. Total patient EDI score was significantly and positively correlated with patient's perception of the father as authoritarian and inversely correlated with her perception of him as authoritative. These results emphasize the importance of fathers’ role in the eating disorder pathology, a relatively untapped area of research.     

Emotional intelligence as a mediator between attachment security and empathy in pre-clinical medical students: A multi-center cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo explore the association of emotional intelligence (EI) and attachment security (AS) with empathy dimensions in medical students by examining the mediating role of EI.MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and demographic questions were administrated to second-year medical students of two medical schools in Northern Italy.Results253 medical students (56.13% female), aged 19–29, participated in this study. AS positively correlated to Empathic Concern (r = 0.17, p = 0.008) and Perspective Taking (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), and negatively to Personal Distress (r = ?0.33, p < 0.001). Individuals with the same level of AS and a higher score on EQ-i had a higher score (β = 0.072, p = 0.033) on empathy latent factor (at the basis of Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking) and a lower score (β = ?0.290, p < 0.001) on Personal Distress than those with a lower EQ-i score.ConclusionThis study shows that EI completely mediated the relationship between AS and empathy dimensions among medical students.Practice implicationsEI training and workshop should be considered when designing educational interventions and programs to enhance empathy and decrease interpersonal distress in medical students.     

An examination of women's retirement: African American women

This paper examines the retirement of African American women with regard to their attitudes toward retirement and experiences with retirement in light of their education, family relationships and job experiences. Twenty-one older African American women were interviewed between 1991 and 1993 in their homes using a semi-structured interview format and question areas used in an earlier study of older white women's retirement experiences. We identified several patterns of why these women retired and several patterns of post-retirement reactions. In comparison to the white retirees, they shared similar reasons for retirement in that they were anticipators, resistors, and continued to work far into their aging years. They shared similar retirement experiences in that many enjoyed retirement, although some felt a loss of status. There were some significant differences, particularly in the extent to which the black women were involved with their families during their work years and following retirement, and the number of African American women who went back to work following their formal retirement. These data suggest the need to examine the meaning of retirement as it varies within genders and racial and ethnic categories.     

Preparation for future care needs: Styles of preparation used by older Eastern German, United States, and Canadian women

Many older persons have chronic conditions and limitations intheir everyday functioning. While some individuals prepare fortheir future care needs, many others do not. Usingsemi-structured, qualitative interviews, discourse about dealingwith the risk for needing help or care in the future wasinvestigated in 23 East German, 10 U.S., and 12 Canadian elderlycommunity-dwelling women (65 years). Eighty percent hadthought about future care needs; 64% had made general plans fortheir future care. Four preparation styles were identified inthe three social-structural contexts: Avoidance of preparation,thinking without planning, short-term planning, and long-termplanning. Individuals using these styles differed in theirsubjective assessment of preparation as well as in objectivepersonal conditions. More similarities than differences werefound between German, U.S. and Canadian women in the use of thesestyles. Results suggest that limited resources, systeminstability, and personal characteristics contribute to thechoice of planning style.     

轻型颅脑外伤患者焦虑的应对方式、社会支持相关因素的研究

目的探讨轻型颅脑外伤焦虑患者的社会支持、应对方式。分析焦虑与社会支持、应对方式之间的相互关系。方法选择150例轻型颅脑外伤患者应用汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）展开调查患者焦虑的出现状况;随机平均分为研究组和对照组,每组75例,对照组患者给予普通护理结合单纯的药物治疗,研究组在对照组基础上加心理干预内容。比较患者的社会支持和应对方式。观察两者的变化。问卷调查患者的应对方式、应用社会支持评定量表（SSRS）调查患者的社会支持水平。结果经心理治疗后研究组严重焦虑率明显下降,与对照组比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。研究组与对照组两组间社会支持各因子均分的比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。两组解决问题倾向性、求助的倾向性、解决问题的有效性、求助的有效性的均分比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论轻型颅脑外伤患者焦虑的发生率较高,家庭与社会能够给予轻型颅脑外伤患者一定的社会支持,且患者采取积极的应对方式可减少焦虑。     

青少年网瘾倾向与一般自我效能感、归因方式的关系

目的:探讨青少年网络成瘾倾向与其一般自我效能感及归因方式的关系。方法:用Young的网络成瘾量表(IAII)、多维度-多归因因果量表(MMCS)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)对上网学生进行随访调查,随机选取30名IAII测验结果高分者(IAII≥40分)及30名低分者(IAII<40分),对两组量表结果进行统计分析。结果:①成瘾倾向高分组的一般自我效能感水平显著低于低分组;②在学业成就成功或人际关系成功时,成瘾倾向高分组的能力归因均排在后面,倾向于外部归因;③在学业成就失败与人际关系失败的归因上,高分组显示出一种自利性归因;④一般自我效能感、学业成就成功的能力归因能显著负向预测网瘾,学业成就失败的背景归因能显著正向预测网瘾。结论:青少年的网络成瘾倾向与他们的一般自我效能感和归因方式有一定关系。     

青少年精神分裂症患者生活事件及应对方式与家庭功能的相关性研究

目的探讨青少年精神分裂症患者生活事件、应对方式与家庭功能的关系。方法采用青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）、特质应对方式问卷（TCSQ）、家庭关怀度指数量表（APGAR）,对53例青少年精神分裂症患者进行调查分析。结果36例（67．92％）青少年精神分裂症患者有家庭功能障碍。不同家庭功能患者ASLEC总分及受惩罚因子评分比较,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。消极应对与家庭功能中的合作度、亲密度呈显著负相关（均P〈0．05）;家庭关怀度指数总分与ASLEC总分存在显著负相关（P〈O．01）。结论青少年精神分裂症患者生活事件、应对方式与家庭功能有关。在对患者心理治疗和护理干预的同时,应对家庭成员进行相关干预,以提升家庭功能。     

已婚成人社会支持、应对方式与婚姻满意度的关系

目的探讨社会支持、应对方式与已婚成人婚姻满意度的关系。方法抽取天津市241名已婚人士,其中男性118人,女性123人。每位受试者接受婚姻满意度量表、社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷的测查。结果①婚姻满意度与客观支持呈显著正相关,婚姻满意度的社会层面与支持的利用度呈显著正相关;②婚姻满意度与积极应对呈显著的正相关。与消极应对呈显著的负相关;③客观支持、积极应对方式及消极应对方式可以预测婚姻满意度。结论应对方式是影响婚姻满意度的重要因素。