2型糖尿病患者建立健康生活行为方式的依从性

目的了解2型糖尿病患者建立健康生活行为方式的依从性,为有效开展糖尿病教育提供依据。方法随机选择在广州市5家医院就诊的349例2型糖尿病患者,问卷调查其饮食、体育锻炼、规律生活、戒烟、戒酒等日常行为方式情况。结果患者饮食治疗依从性平均总得分为(8.6±2.4)分,与总分的比值为0.54。日常行为方式的依从性平均总得分为(10.3±1.9)分,与总分的比值为0.86。结论患者糖尿病饮食治疗中称量或准确估量食物、使用食物交换量,日常行为方式中体育锻炼、规律生活的依从性不高。应加强健康教育,强化建立健康生活行为方式的指导。     

Less than optimal parenting strategies predict maternal low‐level depression beyond that of child transgressions

The relationship between less than optimal parenting styles, child transgressions and maternal depression were examined. It was predicted that variations in parenting styles would predict maternal depression over and above child transgressions. The present study involved approximately 68 children, their mothers and their preschool teachers. Participants included 36 male and 32 female children with a mean age of 50.76 months (standard deviation = 8.32), their mothers and their teachers. Mothers completed questionnaires on parenting styles and maternal depression, while teachers completed a questionnaire on children’s social behaviours. A series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that less than optimal parenting (authoritarian parenting style and emotion dismissing emotional style) predicted maternal depression over and above child transgressions (aggressive, asocial, excluding, anxious and hyperactive behaviours). Additional analyses revealed that mothers who engage in less than optimal parenting strategies are likely to experience augmented levels of depression. Overall mothers’ parenting styles appear to be more salient in determining their negative moods than their children’s transgressions. Results are discussed in terms of parenting self‐efficacy, learned hopelessness and directions for future research.     

知人论世原则在医古文教学中的应用

知人论世是孟子提出的古代文论的原则和方法。我们认为也应当成为中医文献语言研究中挖掘文本义理必须遵循的重要依据。应用知人论世原则研究词义,这样可以探寻到词典里所没有的意义。但是通过这一原则解释的词义应当得到文本语言结构的证明。     

父母养育方式及相关因素对医学生人格特质的影响

有关父母养育方式及其对人格特质的影响国内外均有一些研究。国内钱铭怡等对中学生研究发现 ,男生比女生更多地受到父母的过度干涉与保护且父母不良的养育方式如严厉惩罚、拒绝否认、过度干涉与保护可能是子女某些不良人格特质形成的重要影响因素[1] 。黄悦勤等对中学生的研究认为人格偏离得分与父母拒绝、过度保护因子呈正相关 ,而与父母情感温暖因子呈负相关[2 ] 。刘宝花对大学生神经症患者研究认为神经症患者父母养育方式趋向拒绝型、偏爱型、过度保护型[3 ] 。Ｂｅｎｊａｍｉｎｓｅｎ .Ｓ等对企图自杀者的人格与父母养育方式及早年丧亲…     

不同程度的心理压力下研究生的应对方式

目的研究不同程度的心理压力下研究生的应对方式。方法采用自编问卷，运用分层随机取样、抽取重庆市5所高校的420名研究生进行调查，获得有效问卷400份。其中，男生208份，女生192份；研一150份．研二132份．研三118份。结果高、中、低各压力组在应对方式每个题项上的得分及其标准差分别是：2．56±0．49、2．59±0．47、2．78±0．54。结论总体上看．各压力组的研究生都不倾向于采用“放弃自我和回避”的应对方式，而更倾向于采用其他4种方式。在应对方式上，存在着压力组×性别、压力组×年级的交互作用。     

The role of patients' meta-preferences in the design and evaluation of decision support systems

The arrival of new analysis-based decision technologies will necessitate a profound rethinking both of the nature of the patient–doctor relationship and of the way aids and support systems designed to improve decision-making within that relationship are designed and evaluated. One-dimensional typologies of the traditional `paternalist/shared/informed' sort do not provide the complexity called for by the heterogeneity of patient's `meta-preferences' regarding their relationship with a doctor on the one hand and regarding the analytical level of judgement and decision-making on the other. A multidimensional matrix embodying this distinction is proposed as a framework of the minimal complexity required for the design and evaluation of the full range of decision aids and decision modes. Essentially aids should be conceived of and evaluated cell-specifically and the search for universally satisfactory decision support systems abandoned. `shared' and `informed' are best interpreted as attributes which may or not be in line with a patient's meta-preferences. Future research should focus on the higher level goal of better decision-making, a goal that will need to respect and reflect these meta-preferences.     

Fieldwork Supervision: Roles,Tasks and Responsibilities

Fieldwork constitutes approximately thirty-five per cent of occupational therapy undergraduate programme of study. It is of concern to occupational therapy educators that the fieldwork portion of the curriculum be planned and implemented to provide educationally sound learning experiences. Whatever the level of training and experience of fieldwork supervisors, implementation of a fieldwork training programme which will provide the necessary levels of learning, is dependent on the supervisor's understanding and use of methods of supervision. These include a knowledge of learning theories, skill in directing, supervising and guiding students in the performance of desired action. This paper will focus on effective and ineffective supervisors and how an understanding of student learning styles can increase the supervisor's ability to provide quality learning experience.     

Parenting styles and eating disorder pathology

Our objective was to investigate the association between parenting style and eating disorder symptoms in patients treated in an intensive outpatient center for eating disorders. The study design is a cross-sectional survey set in a community-based facility for eating disorders. Participants included 53 families, including 32 with a child meeting the DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa, 18 for bulimia nervosa, and 3 diagnosed ED-NOS. Data was collected using the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). Significant, negative correlations were found between drive for thinness scores and body dissatisfaction scores and the patient's perception of the father as authoritative. Total patient EDI score was significantly and positively correlated with patient's perception of the father as authoritarian and inversely correlated with her perception of him as authoritative. These results emphasize the importance of fathers’ role in the eating disorder pathology, a relatively untapped area of research.     

Emotional intelligence as a mediator between attachment security and empathy in pre-clinical medical students: A multi-center cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo explore the association of emotional intelligence (EI) and attachment security (AS) with empathy dimensions in medical students by examining the mediating role of EI.MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and demographic questions were administrated to second-year medical students of two medical schools in Northern Italy.Results253 medical students (56.13% female), aged 19–29, participated in this study. AS positively correlated to Empathic Concern (r = 0.17, p = 0.008) and Perspective Taking (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), and negatively to Personal Distress (r = ?0.33, p < 0.001). Individuals with the same level of AS and a higher score on EQ-i had a higher score (β = 0.072, p = 0.033) on empathy latent factor (at the basis of Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking) and a lower score (β = ?0.290, p < 0.001) on Personal Distress than those with a lower EQ-i score.ConclusionThis study shows that EI completely mediated the relationship between AS and empathy dimensions among medical students.Practice implicationsEI training and workshop should be considered when designing educational interventions and programs to enhance empathy and decrease interpersonal distress in medical students.