临床药师开展药物重整服务在防范用药差错中的作用与实践

目的探讨临床药师开展药物重整服务在防范用药差错中的作用与实践。方法结合具体临床案例分析药物重整中发现的常见问题及其在防范用药差错中的作用。结果药物重整可减少发生药物遗漏或重复给药、用法用量不适宜、药物选择不适宜、停药不及时、血药浓度监测不连贯、药物相互作用等现象。结论药物重整服务在减少用药差错中具有重要作用,为临床药师参与临床提供了一种新的方式。     

Identification and external validation of the optimal FIB‐4 and APRI thresholds for ruling in chronic hepatitis B related liver fibrosis in tertiary care settings

BackgroundWith the initially defined thresholds, the most widely used serum biomarkers for staging liver fibrosis (ie, APRI and FIB‐4 scores) proved to be ineffective among patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB). Whether optimizing the FIB‐4 and APRI thresholds could improve their diagnostic accuracy requires further research.MethodsUsing data of treat‐naïve CHB patients from three tertiary hospitals, we explored the optimal FIB‐4 and APRI thresholds to rule in liver fibrosis accurately. Subsequently, we validated the applicability of the newly defined thresholds to the CHB patients from another two tertiary hospitals.ResultsThe fibrosis stages between discovery cohort (n = 433) and the external validation cohort (n = 568) were statistically different (P < .001). When ruling in significant fibrosis and advanced fibrosis by the newly defined FIB‐4 thresholds (2.25 and 3.00, respectively), 24.0% and 14.3% of patients, respectively, could be classified with excellent accuracy (PPVs of 91.3% and 80.6%, respectively; misdiagnosis rates of 6.0% and 5.4%, respectively), supported by the internal and external validation tests. Regrettably, the more accurate and robust thresholds of APRI score for ruling in significant fibrosis and advanced fibrosis could not be found. Besides, the FIB‐4 and APRI scores should not be recommended for ruling in cirrhosis because of poor clinical diagnostic performance.ConclusionThe newly defined FIB‐4 thresholds for ruling in significant fibrosis and advanced fibrosis showed superior and reproducible clinical diagnostic accuracy. The well‐validated threshold (≥2.25) of FIB‐4 score could aid in antiviral treatment decisions for treat‐naïve adult CHB patients by accurately ruling in significant fibrosis in tertiary care settings.     

Next-generation sequencing for inborn errors of immunity

Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) include several hundred gene defects affecting various components of the immune system. As with other constitutional disorders, next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful tool for the diagnosis of these diseases. While NGS can provide molecular confirmation of disease in a patient with a suspected or classic phenotype, it can also identify new molecular defects of the immune system, expand gene-disease phenotypes, clarify mechanism of disease, pattern of inheritance or identify new gene-disease associations. Multiple clinical specialties are involved in the diagnosis and management of patients with IEI, and most have no formal genetic training or expertise. To effectively utilize NGS tools and data in clinical practice, it is relevant and pragmatic to obtain a modicum of knowledge about genetic terminology, the variety of platforms and tools available for high-throughput genomic analysis, the interpretation and implementation of such data in clinical practice. There is considerable variability not only in the technologies and analytical tools used for NGS but in the bioinformatics approach to variant identification and interpretation. The ability to provide a molecular basis for disease has the potential to alter therapeutic management and longer-term treatment of the disease, including developing personalized approaches with molecularly targeted therapies. This review is intended for the clinical specialist or diagnostic immunologist who works in the area of inborn errors of immunity, and provides an overview of the need for genetic testing in these patients (the “why” aspect), the various technologies and analytical approaches, bioinformatics tools, resources, and challenges (the “how” aspect), and the clinical evidence for identifying which patients might be best served by such testing (the “when” aspect).     

胰腺癌患者螺旋断层放疗摆位误差分析

目的：通过兆伏级CT（MVCT）在线测量校正胰腺癌患者螺旋断层放疗的摆位误差,确定临床靶区CTV和计划靶区PTV之间的外放距离。方法：2012年5月至12月,21例接受TomoTherapy治疗的胰腺癌患者,每次治疗前均行靶区部位MVCT扫描。并将扫描后的MVCT图像与定位时千伏级CT（kVCT）图像进行配准,分别记录患者左右x、头脚y、腹背z和横断面旋转Roll四个方向的偏差数值,对其误差值进行统计分析。结果：21例患者共行358次MVCT扫描,其摆位误差值在x、y、z和Roll方向分别为：（-0．14±0．60）mm、（-1．21±0．44）mm、（0．69±0．93）mm和（0．02±0．26）。x、y、z方向CTV和PTV之间的外放距离分别为：5．5mm、7．4mm和3．9mm。结论：胰腺癌患者治疗摆位误差较大,Tomotherapy通过在线摆位校正能有效减小摆位误差。临床上建议胰腺癌患者在x、y、z方向上CTV和PTV之间可分别外扩5mm、7mm和4mm,为精确照射提供必要的质量保证。     

非小细胞肺癌立体定向放疗摆位误差分析

目的通过分析非小细胞肺癌立体定向体部放射治疗(SBRT)的摆位误差,计算不同肺叶靶区外放边界,为精准放疗提供依据。方法选取2014年1月至2019年12月行SBRT的患者300例,回顾性分析其CBCT影像资料,根据体位固定方式分为热塑体模組和负压真空垫组,比较两组的摆位误差值,计算每个肺叶的靶区外放边界值。结果两组患者左右、头脚、前后三维方向的摆位误差分别为[(0.26±0.21),(0.21±0.18)]cm、[(0.25±0.23),(0.29±0.22)]cm、(0.26±0.12),(0.20±0.18)]cm。在前后和头脚方向,两组摆位误差值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。右肺上叶、右肺中叶、右肺下叶、左肺上叶、左肺下叶在X、Y、Z方向的外放边界分别为0.4 cm、0.4 cm、0.5 cm,0.6 cm、0.6 cm、0.6 cm,0.6 cm、0.7 cm、0.6 cm,0.4 cm、0.5 cm、0.4 cm,0.8 cm、0.8 cm、0.8 cm。结论放疗患者于每次治疗前行CBCT扫描可以有效降低摆位误差,提高放疗的精确性;计算每个肺叶靶区外放边界值,可以为放疗医生靶区外放提供参考,在消灭肿瘤的同时并明显降低正常组织的损伤。     

卵巢多房囊性病变的MRI 误诊分析 （附14例报道）

目的:分析卵巢多房囊性病变的MRI误诊原因。方法:回顾性分析14例经手术病理证实的卵巢多房囊性病变的MRI及临床资料。结果:14例多房囊性病变中卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿7例,多呈T1WI、T2WI高信号及大房周围多个小囊表现,3例可见液-液分层,1例术前被误诊为粘液性囊腺瘤;输卵管卵巢脓肿2例,呈病灶周围炎性及厚壁明显强化表现,术前均被误诊为卵巢肿瘤性病变;卵巢甲状腺肿1例,表现为多房囊实性病灶、实性部分及包膜明显强化,术前被误诊为囊腺癌;囊腺瘤/癌4例,术前MRI诊断无误。结论:MRI能清楚显示卵巢多房性病变,由于影像科医生对这些疾病尤其部分少见病的认识相对不足,常常导致误诊;在全面分析病变MRI信号特点的同时,加强业务知识更新,密切结合临床,很多误诊是可以避免的。     

Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is associated with low levels of insulin resistance among heart failure patients

Background and aimsHeart failure (HF) patients are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This study examined the association between adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and insulin resistance among U.S. adults with HF.Methods and resultsUsing data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016 cycles, we included 348 individuals aged 20+ years with HF and no history of diabetes. DASH diet adherence index quartile 1 indicated the lowest and quartile 4 indicated the highest adherence. The highest level of insulin resistance was defined by the upper tertile of the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Associations between level of insulin resistance and DASH diet adherence and its linear trends were examined using logistic regressions. Trend analyses showed that participants in upper DASH diet adherence index quartiles were more likely older, female, non-Hispanic White, of normal weight, and had lower levels of fasting insulin than those in lower quartiles. Median values of HOMA-IR from lowest to highest DASH diet adherence index quartiles were 3.1 (interquartile range, 1.8–5.5), 2.9 (1.7–5.6), 2.1 (1.1–3.7), and 2.1 (1.3–3.5). Multivariable logistic analyses indicated that participants with the highest compared to the lowest DASH adherence showed 77.1% lower odds of having the highest level of insulin resistance (0.229, 95% confidence interval: 0.073–0.716; p = 0.017 for linear trend).ConclusionGood adherence to the DASH diet was associated with lower insulin resistance among community-dwelling HF patients. Heart healthy dietary patterns likely protect HF patients from developing type 2 diabetes.