益肾排石中药保护高能冲击波致肾损伤的实验研究

目的：探讨益肾排石中药对高能冲击波致肾损伤的保护作用。方法：将家兔30只随机分为两组，中药组和生理盐水对照组各15只，于高能冲击波致兔肾损伤模型，测定不同时间血浆，肾组织浆浆内皮素（ET－1），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）变化及肾组织病理改变。结果：冲击波肾损伤后血浆中ET－1、血清中MDA值及组织均浆中ET－1、MDA值显著升高（P＜0．05），血浆及组织匀浆中SOD显著降低（P＜0．05）；而中药治疗组血浆中ET－1、MDA及组织均浆中ET－1、MDA峰值显著低于对照组（P＜0．05），血浆及组织匀浆中SOD值高于对照组（P＜0．05），且病理检查较对照组损伤轻。结论：益肾排石中药对高能冲击波致肾损伤具有保护作用。     

No influence of low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on spinal nociceptive systems

The analgesic effects of high-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) were discovered by chance during its application for urolithiasis and for bone pseudarthrosis. Despite the extensive use of ESWT, the mechanisms of its antinociceptive effects are still unclear. A gate control mechanism and other antinociceptive mechanisms have been postulated. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of low-energy ESWT on the expression of the transmitters substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of the neuropeptides CGRP and SP was performed in rats treated either once with 1000 impulses or three times with 1000 impulses, with two different energy flux densities being used (0.043 and 0.11 mJ/mm²). The animals were killed either 4 or 72 h after the ESWT. No regulatory effect of ESWT on the expression of SP or CGRP in the dorsal horns was found. Because the application of ESWT showed no significant changes in the sensory system, it is unlikely that the application of ESWT triggers the endogenous pain control system of the rat through hyperstimulation analgesia. Furthermore, these results show that low-energy ESWT had no side effects on the rat spinal cord. Received: January 9, 2001 / Accepted: August 25, 2001     

Porcine hepatic phospholipid efflux during reperfusion after cold ischemia

BACKGROUND: Cold preservation produces hepatic injury that is difficult to assess during early reperfusion. The value of reperfusion plasma choline phospholipid in predicting subsequent organ function is documented in these studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Livers of female Yorkshire pigs were prepared for transplantation. After 2 h of cold ischemia the reperfusion plasma was evaluated for choline phospholipid and cholesterol. These values were correlated with bile secretion, hepatic hemodynamics, oxygen uptake, and plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase levels. RESULTS: The isolated porcine liver demonstrates a rapid efflux of choline phospholipids into plasma during early reperfusion after cold preservation. After this initial efflux no subsequent plasma increment occurred. These choline-phospholipid increments were isolated in plasma higher density (d > 1.063) lipoproteins and were not accompanied by equivalent increases in cholesterol. Neither biliary reflux nor lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase abnormalities contributed appreciably to the phospholipid increments in reperfusion plasma. Livers with the largest efflux of choline phospholipids had the most impaired circulatory and bile secretory function at 4 h of reperfusion. CONCLUSION: The immediate increase of choline phospholipids, particularly lysophosphatidylcholine, in reperfusion plasma after cold ischemia provides an index of the injury occurring during this interval and correlates with early organ function.     

Photothermal properties of shape memory polymer micro-actuators for treating stroke

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this paper the photothermal engineering issues of novel shape memory polymer (SMP) microactuators for treating stroke are presented. The engineering issues for using lasers to heat and subsequently actuate these SMP devices are presented in order to provide design criteria and guidelines for intravascular, laser activated SMP devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of three devices will be presented: two interventional ischemic stroke devices (coil and umbrella) and one device for releasing embolic coils (microgripper). The optical properties of SMP, methods for coupling laser light into SMP, heating distributions in the SMP devices, and the impact of operating the thermally activated material in a blood vessel are presented. RESULTS: Actuating the devices requires device temperatures in the range of 65-85 degrees C. Attaining these temperatures under flow conditions requires critical engineering of the SMP optical properties, optical coupling into the SMP, and device geometries. CONCLUSION: Laser-activated SMP devices are a unique combination of laser-tissue and biomaterial technologies. Successful deployment of the microactuator requires well-engineered coupling of the light from the diffusing fiber through the blood into the SMP.     

新疆地区维吾尔族35岁以上人群肾功能与动脉僵硬度的相关性

目的 研究新疆地区维吾尔族人群的肾功能与动脉僵硬程度的相关性.方法 应用四阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,于2007年10月至2010年3月,在乌鲁木齐市、克拉玛依市、阜康市、吐鲁番地区、和田地区、伊犁哈萨克自治州、阿勒泰地区抽取了35岁以上,资料完整的维吾尔族城乡居民4312人,进行研究分析.用简化MDRD公式计算估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR).测量双侧臂-踝脉搏波速度(b-aPWV),取双侧的平均值与eGFR做线性相关性分析,并对b-aPWV的影响因素进行校正.结果 eGFR与平均b-aPWV值呈负相关(R=0.174,P＜0.01).运用Stepwise多重线性回归校正年龄、性别、体质量指数、收缩压、舒张压、腰围、臀围、尿酸、空腹血糖、总胆同醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白后,eGFR仍与b-aPWV呈负相关(P=0.012).结论 新疆地区35岁以上维吾尔族人群的肾功能与动脉僵硬度存在负相关.     

缺血后处理对犬肾缺血再灌注损伤氧化应激反应的影响

目的：探讨缺血后处理对犬急性肾缺血再灌注损伤氧化应激反应的影响.方法：将15只成年雄性杂种狗分为3组,每组5只,即假手术组（S组）、缺血再灌注组（I/R组）、缺血后处理组（IPO组）.在肾缺血60min后立即给予再灌注30 s,再缺血30 s,循环3次,然后完全恢复灌注.术前及术后每天检测血清肌酐（Cr）浓度,检测肾组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、总抗氧化能力（TAC）.术后犬存活3天,杀死后取左肾标本,光镜下观察肾组织病理学改变.结果：IPO组与I/R组术后3天连续比较,血清Cr浓度有显着降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;IPO组与I/R组比较,SOD、CAT、TAC活性升高,MDA浓度降低,病理损伤明显减轻,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论：缺血后处理能减轻肾缺血再灌注损伤氧化应激反应,其机制与氧自由基清除有关.     

ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)开放剂对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠谷氨酸受体1a和谷氨酸转运体1的影响

目的 研究ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)开放剂克罗卡林对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后脑梗死体积、代谢型谷氨酸受体1α(mGluRlα)和谷氨酸转运体1(GLT-1或者EAAT-2)的影响.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠按序号随机分为假手术组(A组)、缺血/再灌注脑缺血对照组(middle cerebral artery occlusion MCAOB,B组)、MCAO+ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)开放剂克罗卡林组(C组).应用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,大鼠脑缺血/再灌注24 h后,Bederson法评价动物的神经行为功能,氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色观察脑梗死体积,免疫组化测定谷氨酸受体1α(mGluR1α)和GLT-1.结果 脑缺血/再灌注24 h后,动物均表现神经行为功能障碍,大鼠神经行为功能评分C组(2.23±0.11)较B组(2.61±0.19)明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);缺血侧出现脑梗塞病灶,脑梗死体积C组(138.3±29.9)较B组(182.5±34.5)显著减小,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组mGluR1α吸光度(0.293±0.009)与A组mGluR1α吸光度(0.183±0.008)相比,吸光度明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)、B组GLT-吸光度(0.147±0.009)与A组GLT-吸光度(0.255±0.009)相比,吸光度明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);C组mGluR1α吸光度(0.227±0.009)与B组mGluR1α吸光度(0.293±0.009)相比,其吸光度明显减小,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)、C组GLT-1吸光度(0.212±0.008)与B组GLT-1吸光度(0.147±0.009)相比明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 预防性应用克罗卡林可能通过减少mGluR1α表达,增强GLT-1表达,减少谷氨酸堆积,减小脑梗死体积,从而减轻脑组织缺血/再灌注损伤.     

黄芪对ESWL致兔肾损伤后缺氧诱导因子-1α表达的影响

目的探讨缺氧诱导因子-1α（HIF-1α）在ESWL致肾脏损伤中的作用及黄芪是否通过调节HIF-1α的表达而发挥对肾脏的保护作用。方法45只家兔随机分为对照组、ESWL损伤组和黄芪治疗组,每组15只,除对照组外,所有动物接受ESWL处理（18kV,1 500次）。黄芪治疗组家兔于冲击前3d至后2d,每天注射黄芪注射液2.0g/kg。2周后处死家兔,取肾脏HE染色观察肾组织形态学改变,免疫组织化学染色观察HIF-1α在肾脏中的表达。结果ESWL处理后肾小管上皮细胞肿胀、脱落,小管内可见大量管型,肾间质大量炎细胞浸润;黄芪治疗组以上病变显著减轻。ESWL损伤组HIF-1α显著表达于肾小管上皮细胞及间质,黄芪能够明显抑制HIF-1α的表达。结论HIF-1α参与了ESWL对肾脏的损伤,黄芪可能通过抑制HIF-1α的表达发挥对肾脏的保护作用。     

C-jun氨基末端激酶(JNKs)与脑缺血性损伤

c-Jun氨基末端激酶（c-Jun N-terminal kinases,JNKs）为丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK）超家族之一,其参与胚胎发育、免疫反应、及细胞的生长、分化、增殖等多种生理过程,同时也参与了许多病理过程。近期研究表明其在脑缺血性损伤神经元死亡过程中起重要调控作用。现就其相关研究进展作一综述。     

二氮嗪预处理对肝硬化大鼠肝脏的保护作用

目的探讨采用线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(mitoKATP通道)选择性开放剂二氮嗪(DE)进行预处理能否模拟缺血预处理(IP)对硬化肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其可能的作用机制。方法雄性肝硬化SD大鼠随机分为5组(每组8只)。IP组以肝缺血5 min作预处理;DE组以静脉注射DE作为预处理;DE 5-HD组是在DE组基础上再予静注mitoKATP通道选择性阻滞剂5-hydroxydecanoate(5-HD)进行预处理;对照组(C组)以静注等量生理盐水作为预处理;上述4组均在预处理后行肝缺血45 min再灌注60 min;缺血方式均为70%肝脏热缺血。假手术组(S组)仅行开腹,不作任何其他处理。完成预定实验操作后分别取血用于血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)与乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)检测,切取肝组织用于测定ATP酶活力、湿重/干重(W/D)的测定及观察显微、超微结构变化。结果C组ALT,LDH,ATP酶及W/D的水平明显高于S组(P<0.01),肝脏的显微及超微结构损伤明显;IP组与DE组的各项肝组织损伤指标均明显好于C组,ATP酶活性低于C组(P<0.05及P<0.01);而DE 5-HD组的肝损伤指标均差于DE组,ATP酶活性高于DE组(P<0.05及P<0.01)。结论使用DE进行药物预处理能够模拟出IP效应,对肝硬化大鼠肝脏I/R损伤具有保护作用,其作用可能与下调肝组织ATP酶活性,减少ATP大量分解,使肝组织ATP含量升高,改善肝能量代谢,增加能量储备;改善肝组织微循环,减轻肝脏水肿有关。