近5年国家自然科学基金资助耳鼻咽喉科学研究结题分析及成果简介

This paper reviewed and analyzed the 72 fulfilled projects in the discipline of Otorhinolar-yngology supported in division Ⅱ of basic research of clinical medicine by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (NSFC) from year 2002 to 2006, and gave a brief introduction to the part of research a-chievements. The science foundation promotes Otorhinolaryngology to a quick development, and produces some outstanding research achievements with international recognition. Thus, it plays an important role in el-evating the level of discipline and bringing up specialists. According to the retrospection and analysis of the fulfilled projects and their research achievements, we hope it can objective and overall reflect research pro-gress in the field of Otorhinolaryngology, and offer as a reference to the relevant researchers and scientific re-search managers.     

20世纪中国农村初级卫生保健评价的成绩与不足

目的：回顾4次评估所采用的评价方法与评价指标，找出评价方法和指标的优势与不足，为制定《中国农村初级卫生保健发展纲要（2001—2010）》进度评价指标体系提供依据。方法：采用文献研究的方法．通过Medline光盘检索、Internet检索、灰色文献知情人线索查找和手工检索查找自1992年至2004年发表、与初级卫生保健评价有关的所有中文文献。结果：总体上肯定了这个指标体系。认为其简便易行，符合国情，能反映各试点县初级卫生保健工作的现状，能促进初级卫生保健事业的发展。但它存在一些问题需要改进，如标准设置不合理（卫生厕所普及率、卫生事业经费占财政支出比例）；评价策略考虑到地区差异、计分方法科学性、指标定义科学性和资料的可得性。建议：多部门联合评价、建立信息系统、评价要尽量减轻基层负担。     

周末补偿睡眠对学龄儿童睡眠质量和学业表现的影响

【目的】 了解学龄儿童睡眠周末补偿睡眠现状,探索补偿睡眠与睡眠质量及学业表现的相关性。 【方法】 采用分层整群抽样法,于2009年11-12月抽取上海市10所小学的2 249名五年级学生。采用学业成绩表现教师评估问卷了解儿童学业表现(各维度得分越低,学业表现越好),采用中文版儿童睡眠习惯问卷(Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire,CSHQ)评估儿童的睡眠时间和质量(总分≥41分为睡眠质量不良),采用儿童个人及家庭社会环境问卷用于收集基本情况。使用t检验、协方差分析等对数据进行分析。 【结果】 调查对象年龄为(10.81±0.38)岁,男生占49.3%。儿童周末较平时晚睡(37±40)min,晚起(86±54)min。补偿睡眠时间平均(48±58)min,波动范围为3~5.5 h。睡眠质量不良儿童的补偿睡眠多于睡眠质量良好的儿童(t=3.82,P＜0.001)。校正学龄儿童年龄、性别及父母的受教育程度后,协方差分析显示:睡眠不足(平时与周末睡眠时间均≤9 h)儿童和补偿睡眠(补偿睡眠时间≥1 h)的儿童的学业成绩总分分别高于睡眠充足(平时与周末睡眠时间均≥10 h)组的儿童(F=10.99,P<0.001),即学业表现较差。 【结论】 周末补偿睡眠与睡眠不足一样,对儿童的睡眠质量和学业表现都有不良影响,并不能改善儿童睡眠质量或提高学业表现。     

吉安市2009—2010年疾病预防控制工作机构绩效考核分析

目的：分析工作开展取得的成绩及其影响因素,进一步规范疾病预防控制工作。方法：通过绩效考核指标评估体系,量化104个机构指标,将2009年、2010年指标评分情况进行分析比较。结果：2010年比2009年的绩效考核工作有较大的提高,但仍有一些工作的开展受到限制。结论：绩效考核工作应争取政府和卫生行政部门的重视,加强部门间协作,改进评价方式。     

Evaluation of an Intervention for Children Experiencing Homelessness

This study evaluated a two-part intervention provided during a summer program for children experiencing homelessness. First, teachers and the mental health team implemented a behavior management system to reinforce positive classroom behaviors. Second, a team of undergraduate and graduate students delivered mental health promotion services during classroom and small group activities. Mothers' and teachers' ratings indicated that the children's emotional and behavioral functioning was within normal limits and did not change over the course of the program. Mothers reported higher than normal levels of family distress. Lower school achievement was related to poor behavioral and emotional functioning and attrition. Strategies to ensure that low achievers and children with behavior problems do not drop out of summer programs need to be developed; shelters or schools may be optimal settings for providing family-focused interventions for this population.     

Evaluation of variance estimators for the concentration and health achievement indices: a monte carlo simulation

Although the concentration index (CI) and the health achievement index (HAI) have been extensively used, previous studies have relied on bootstrapping to compute the variance of the HAI, whereas competing variance estimators exist for the CI. This paper provides methods of statistical inference for the HAI and compares the available variance estimators for both the CI and the HAI using Monte Carlo simulation. Results for both the CI and the HAI suggest that analytical methods and bootstrapping are well behaved. The convenient regression method gives standard errors close to the other methods, provided the CI is not too large (< 0.2), but otherwise tends to understate the standard errors. In our simulation setting, the improvement from the Newey–West correction over the convenient regression method has mixed evidence when the CI ≤ 0.1 and is modest when the CI > 0.1. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

The relationship of achievement and peer status to teacher attitudes toward young children

The relationships between teacher attitudes about children, children's peer relations, and achievement orientation were investigated. Eighteen preschool children were administered the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and a standard sociometric nomination procedure as measures of achievement and peer status, respectively. Fourteen student teachers involved in a practicum experience responded to an attitude measurement procedure designed to assess attitudes of Attachment, Rejection, Concern, and Indifference (ARCI). Kendall correlation coefficients indicated a significant relationship between teacher attitudes toward children and children's peer relations. Children who were popular in their peer group were nominated as highly attached by their teachers. Inversely, children's peer rejection correlated positively with teacher concern and rejection, while correlating negatively with teacher attachment. Teachers also were attached to high achieving children and rejected or were concerned about low achieving children. The implications for student‐teacher relationships and educational environments are discussed.     

Academic and behavioral limitations and health-related quality of life in school-age survivors of bacterial meningitis

The objectives of this study were to describe health-related quality of life of postmeningitic children and to examine the association between academic and/or behavioral limitations and health-related quality of life. One hundred and eighty-two children (mean age 9.7 years; range 5.3–14.2) were selected randomly from a cohort of 674 school-age children who recovered from non-Haemophilus influenzae type B bacterial meningitis. These children had neither meningitis with ‘complex onset’, nor prior cognitive or behavioral problems, nor severe disease sequelae. On average 7.4 years after meningitis, they were evaluated using an ‘Academic Achievement Test’ and their parents filled in the Child Behavior Checklist, the Child Health Questionnaire, and the Health Utilities Index. The long-term incidence of academic and/or behavioral limitations was 32%. Overall health-related quality of life of the postmeningitic children was decreased in comparison with that of a reference population of schoolchildren. The group of postmeningitic children with academic and/or behavioral limitations showed the most marked decrease in quality of life, especially concerning psychosocial health, cognition and family life. The negative effects on quality of life were not significantly influenced by age, gender, causative pathogen, presence of minor neurological impairment, or presence of hearing impairment. In conclusion, health-related quality of life of postmeningitic children is decreased, particularly of those with academic and/or behavioral limitations.     

学习困难与家庭因素的相关研究

目的：探讨学习困难儿童学习成绩与家庭教养环境因素的关系。方法：采用自编儿童家庭教养情况调查表，对120名学习困难儿童进行调查，并进行单因素和多因素相关分析。结果：父母文化程度作职业、父母对子女成长是否提供良好的环境和条件、对子女学习投入的精力、子妇本人对功课的喜欢程度以及业余爱好广泛与否与学习困难儿童的学习成绩有显著相关。结论：家庭环境是影响儿童学习的重要因素，不良家庭环境是学习困难的原因之一。