老年开胸患者术后不同镇痛方式的比较

目的：比较硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）、静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）和间断肌注镇痛三种方式用于老年患者开胸术后镇痛的效果及不良反应。方法：选择90例老年开胸手术病人，随机分为PCEA组（n=30）、PCIA组（n=30）和曲马多肌注组（n=30），分别记录患者VAS镇痛评分、镇静评分、不良反应及HR、MAP、SpO2值。结果：镇痛评分PCEA、PCIA组低于肌注组（P〈0．01），且PCEA组低于PCIA组（P〈0．01）；镇静评分PCEA、PCI-A组高于肌注组（P〈0．01），且PCIA组高于PCEA组（P〈0．01）；不良反应以PCEA组最低（P〈0．01）；HR、MAP、SpO2以PCEA组最平稳（P〈0．01）。结论：老年患者开胸术后3种镇痛方式中，肌注曲马多不能取得完善的镇痛效果，PCIA和PCEA镇痛效果满意，但PCEA优于PCIA。     

超声引导臂丛神经穿刺置管在断指再植术后镇痛中的应用

目的探讨超声引导臂丛神经穿刺置管在断指再植术后镇痛的指导价值。方法80例急诊拟行一指或两指断指再植手术的患者（男58例,女22例）,年龄17～67岁,ASAI～III级,无颈部外伤及臂丛神经损伤,按术后镇痛方式随机分为连续臂丛神经阻滞（PCBA组）和静脉镇痛组（PCIA组）。采用视觉模糊评分（VAS）对两组患者术后24h和48h的镇静、镇痛程度进行评价,并记录出现恶心、呕吐、膈神经阻滞等并发症的例数。结果所有患者均能舒适地接受超声引导臂丛神经穿刺过程,术中麻醉效果确切。PCBA组超声引导臂丛穿刺置管过程顺利,全部成功。PCBA组与PCIA组比较,VAS评分和镇静程度差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．叭）,PCIA组的血管痉挛及恶心、呕吐发生率高于PCBA组。结论应用超声引导臂丛神经穿刺置管具有神经定位准确,成功率高;且PCBA组更好地改善了再植指的血运供应,提高了再植指的成活率,避免了加用阿片类药物引起的恶心、呕吐等并发症,增加了患者的舒适度。     

Transient neurologic syndrome after spinal anesthesia with epidural steroid treatment

Background: Transient neurologic syndrome (TNS) is a rare complication of spinal and epidural anesthesia. It is defined as paradoxic postoperative back pain radiating to the lower extremities with no neurologic deficits. Because it is a self-limited disease, the treatment is usually symptomatic and consists of NSAIDs and injections of a neuromuscular-blocking drug at the trigger points. The syndrome may be resistant to this treatment regimen and may last for several months, resulting in a long convalescence.Case summary: A 63-year-old Turkish woman (height, 165 cm; weight, 71 kg) underwent hemorrhoidectomy in the jackknife position using spinal anesthesia. No adverse events occurred during puncture or surgery or in the immediate postoperative recovery period. Recovery from the sensory and motor block was normal. Twenty-four hours after surgery, lower limb and plantar pain developed with no sensory or motor deficit. Neurologic examination revealed normal motor and sensory function. Electroneuromyography showed partial denervation potential of muscles innervated by the left sciatic nerve. The symptoms were suggestive of TNS. Combination oral NSAID treatment with amitriptyline (25 mg/d) and gabapentin (1200 mg/d) was initiated. Because the pain still persisted 6 weeks after surgery, epidural steroid injection with triamcinolone acetate (80 mg) with isotonic saline was administered, resulting in definite pain relief (visual analog scale score = 0).Conclusions: Epidural steroid treatment was effective in this patient with TNS resistant to treatment with NSAIDs, amitriptyline, and gabapentin. Future studies are needed to evaluate this treatment.     

Paracetamol versus ibuprofen: A randomized controlled trial of outpatient analgesia efficacy for paediatric acute limb fractures

Paediatric limb fracture is a common injury that presents frequently to the ED. The primary objective of the present study was to determine whether ibuprofen provides better analgesia than paracetamol for paediatric patients discharged with acute limb fractures. A prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted in a children's ED. Children aged 5–14 years with an acute limb fracture were randomized to be prescribed paracetamol 15 mg/kg/dose every 4 h or ibuprofen 10 mg/kg/dose every 8 h. Objective (child‐reported) pain scores using the ‘Faces’ pain scale were measured over a 48 h period. Child‐reported pain did not differ significantly between the paracetamol and ibuprofen groups (mean pain score paracetamol 2.8 [95% CI 2.4–3.4]vs 2.7 [95% CI 2.1–3.3], P= 0.73). Parent‐reported sleep quality did not differ between the two groups (P= 0.78). Child‐reported pain score decreased over the 48 h of measurement (P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in side‐effects detected between the two groups. The present study shows that in the outpatient paediatric population, ibuprofen does not provide better analgesia than paracetamol. Pain from an acute fracture can be managed by regular simple oral analgesia and immobilization.     

普瑞巴林剂量对腹腔镜子宫全切术患者术后疼痛的影响

目的探讨不同剂量(75、150和300 mg)普瑞巴林预先给药在腹腔镜子宫切除术患者中的术后镇痛效果。方法该研究为前瞻性、随机、安慰剂对照和双盲研究。共纳入82例美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级并择期行腹腔镜子宫切除术的患者。患者随机分成4组,其中第1、2和3组(每组20例)术前1晚、术前30 min和术后6 h分别口服浓度为75、150和300 mg的普瑞巴林,而对照组(n=22)按照相同方案接受安慰剂治疗。主要临床结局是术后24 h静息和运动时的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)。药物相关副作用评估作为次要观察指标。嗜睡采用Ramsay镇静评分评估,而恶心和呕吐用数值评分评估。结果不同浓度预先普瑞巴林给药的镇痛效果优于安慰剂。事后检验显示,4组间AVS评分差异有统计学意义,表明浓度下降,疼痛评分作为时间自变量而下降。普瑞巴林浓度达到最高(300 mg)时,镇静评分高于其他组。结论预先服用75、150和300 mg普瑞巴林对减轻腹腔镜子宫切除术后疼痛具有重要作用。比较不同浓度与副作用表明,口服150 mg普瑞巴林是减轻腹腔镜子宫切除术后疼痛的安全有效方法。     

超声引导竖脊肌平面阻滞对胸腔镜肺叶切除患者术后镇痛和细胞免疫功能的影响

目的观察超声引导下竖脊肌平面(ESP)阻滞对胸腔镜下肺叶切除患者术后镇痛和细胞免疫功能的影响。方法选择择期胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者90例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级。随机分为单纯静脉全麻组(C组)、椎旁神经阻滞+静脉全麻组(P组)和ESP阻滞+静脉全麻组(E组)。E组和P组分别在全麻诱导前行超声引导下ESP阻滞和椎旁神经阻滞,20 min后测定阻滞范围和效果,术毕3组均采用静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)。记录入手术室(T_0)、麻醉诱导前(T_1)、切皮即刻(T_2)和术毕(T_3)3组患者平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR);记录术后2 h (T_4)、8 h (T_5)、12 h (T_6)、24 h (T_7)和48 h (T_8)静态数字疼痛评分[NRS(R)]和动态NRS评分[NRS(M)];并于T_0、T_3、T_7和T_8抽取静脉血5 mL,检测血液自然杀伤(NK)细胞数目和Th1/Th2比值;记录术后镇痛泵按压次数、药物输注总量、曲马多给药次数和术后不良反应发生情况。结果与T_0比较,P组患者在T_1时点MAP降低、HR增快(P 0.05),C组患者T_2和T_3时点MAP增高、HR增快(P 0.05);P组和E组患者T_2和T_3时点MAP低于C组、HR慢于C组(P 0.05);C组和E组患者T_1时点MAP高于P组、HR慢于P组(P 0.05);P组和E组患者术后T_4～T_6时点的NRS(R)低于C组(P 0.05),E组患者术后T_7时点NRS (R)低于C组(P 0.05);P组和E组患者术后T_4～T_6时点的NRS (M)低于C组(P 0.05);P组和E组各时点NRS比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。各组患者在T_3、T_7和T_8时点NK细胞数目、Th1/Th2比值均较T_0降低,E组和P组在T_3、T_7和T_8时点NK细胞数目、Th1/Th2比值高于C组(P 0.05),E组和P组比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);E组和P组术中瑞芬太尼用量、镇痛泵按压次数、药物输注总量和曲马多给药次数均明显少于C组(P 0.05),E组与P组比较,差异无统计学意义。P组术后低血压发生率高于C组和E组(P 0.05)、C组术后恶心呕吐发生率高于P组和E组(P 0.05)。结论超声引导下ESP阻滞,对胸腔镜下肺叶切除患者术后疼痛和免疫功能的影响与椎旁神经阻滞相当,但对患者循环影响更小。     

吗啡静脉自控镇痛对老年患者静脉麻醉腹部手术后早期认知功能的影响

目的:探讨吗啡静脉自控镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)对老年患者在靶控输注(target control infusion,TCI)全凭静脉麻醉(total intravenous anesthesia,TIVA)下行腹部手术后早期认知功能的影响。方法:120例符合入选标准的老年患者随机分为吗啡PCIA组和对照组,每组60例。两组患者均在TCI/TIVA下行腹部手术,均于术后24 h、48 h进行疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS);术前24 h及术后24 h、48 h、72 h用简易精神状态量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)行神经心理学检查,评价认知功能;记录术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)发生率。结果:术后24 h和48 h PCIA组VAS评分显著低于对照组(P0.01);术后72 h PCIA组POCD发生率低于对照组(P0.05),且术后认知功能恢复情况优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:吗啡PCIA可减少老年患者在TCI/TNA下行腹部手术后POCD的发生,并促进术后认知功能的恢复。     

潜伏期分娩镇痛对产妇泌乳的影响

目的研究潜伏期分娩镇痛的效果及对产妇泌乳的影响。方法 90例无产科并发症及硬膜外穿刺禁忌证的单胎足月初产妇,随机分为3组。潜伏期镇痛组当进入产程、宫颈口〈3 cm时进行硬膜外镇痛;活跃期镇痛组当宫颈口≥3 cm时进行硬膜外镇痛;对照组不用任何镇痛措施。结果各组间产程时间、中转剖宫产率、器械助产率、产后出血量及新生儿Apgar评分比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;潜伏期镇痛组第一产程潜伏期VAS评分与活跃期镇痛组及对照组比较差异有显著性（F=78.6,q=9.89、15.63,P〈0.01）;潜伏期镇痛组及活跃期镇痛组第一产程活跃期与第二产程VAS评分与对照组比较差异有显著性（F=80.2、126.3,q=12.36～18.32,P〈0.01）。各组产妇血清泌乳素水平均较产前明显增高（t=2.47～5.07,P〈0.01）,潜伏期镇痛组产妇产后24 h的血清泌乳素水平高于活跃期镇痛组及对照组（t=2.48、4.51,P〈0.01）;潜伏期镇痛组产妇产后泌乳始动时间短,与活跃期镇痛组及对照组比较差异有显著性（t=3.46、3.84,P〈0.01）。结论罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼潜伏期硬膜外分娩镇痛安全有效,可促进泌乳素分泌,有利于母乳喂养。     

肋间神经冷冻术与自控镇痛对开胸术后早期镇痛效果的比较

  目的  比较开胸术后早期3种新镇痛方法的疗效, 探求最佳镇痛方案。  方法  81例开胸术后患者, 随机分为3组, 分别采用患者自控镇痛静脉给药(patient controlled intravenous analgesia, PCIA)、患者自控硬膜外给药(patient controlled epidural analgesia, PCEA)及肋间神经冷冻术(intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia, INC)镇痛, 根据视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scales, VAS)进行手术日及术后3日疼痛评分, 同时用量表对3种镇痛方法的不良反应进行评价。  结果  PCEA组与PCIA组比较, 所用镇痛药剂量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 但用药次数明显减少(P < 0.01);VAS评分示PCEA组镇痛效果明显优于PCIA和INC组(P < 0.01)。术后第2、3天PCEA组较INC组自行排痰能力显著提高(P < 0.01), PCIA组亦较INC组明显提高(P < 0.05)。PCIA组的不良反应显著高于PCEA和INC组(P < 0.01), INC组不良反应显著低于PCIA和PCEA组(P < 0.01)。综合评估指标显示PCEA组显著优于PCIA和INC组(P < 0.01)。  结论  开胸术后早期PCEA的镇痛效果最好, 不良反应较低, 患者排痰能力最强, 综合评价最高, 是3种镇痛方法中的最佳选择。