景洪市肺吸虫病流行区20年后的变化

目的了解景洪市肺吸虫病流行区20年后疫区疫情变化和溪蟹的自然感染情况。方法从原流行区采集溪蟹,鉴定种类,用研磨水洗沉淀法、生物体视显微镜检查囊蚴或脱囊蚴并计数。将本次检查结果与周本江等1989年报告的结果进行比较,获得该流行区的纵向变化结果,分析引起变化的主要原因。结果从原流行区共采集溪蟹474只,经鉴定全为景洪溪蟹;从溪蟹体内共检获95个囊蚴,经分类鉴定全部为小睾并殖吸虫囊蚴,并通过感染实验动物家猫获得成虫加以证实。溪蟹的自然感染率为10．8％,感染度平均为1．86。结论景洪市同一流行区20年后发生了明显的变化,无论是溪蟹的种类、肺吸虫的虫种、溪蟹的自然感染率、感染度均出现了明显的下降。引起这些变化的主要原因是居民的健康意识增强和环境因素的改变所致。     

不同军事应激环境中官兵心理应激反应及中介因素比较研究

目的比较不同军事应激环境中官兵心理应激反应及其中介因素,探索军事应激损伤防护规律。方法从空降兵新兵跳伞、部队一级战备、汶川抗震救灾3种军事应激情境中分批整群抽取3组样本,共2555名军人作为研究对象,采用＂症状自评量表（SCL-90）＂、＂军事群体心理应激预警检测工具（ATQMGS）＂分别评估3组样本的心理应激反应及其中介因素的差异。结果以SCL-90总分为标准,3组样本心理应激反应强度由高到低依次为部队战备组、新兵跳伞组、抗震救灾组;3组心理应激反应与领导支持、应对方式、士气、自我效能、控制感、战友支持、晋升动机、任务认知、岗位价值感、单位归属感等因素得分均呈负相关（-0.144～-0.547）;在新兵跳伞组不同的家庭收入心理应激反应差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,在部队战备组不同的军龄、职别心理应激反应差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,在抗震救灾组不同的年龄、户籍、心理应激反应差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在3种军事应激情境中,军事群体中的领导支持、应对方式、士气、自我效能、控制感、战友支持、晋升动机、任务认知、岗位价值感、单位归属感等因素,对应激反应均有显著影响,官兵的人口学特征在不同的军事应激环境中影响不同。     

Intermediate follow-up following intravascular stenting for treatment of coarctation of the aorta.

BACKGROUND: We report a multiinstitutional study on intermediate-term outcome of intravascular stenting for treatment of coarctation of the aorta using integrated arch imaging (IAI) techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS: Medical records of 578 patients from 17 institutions were reviewed. A total of 588 procedures were performed between May 1989 and Aug 2005. About 27% (160/588) procedures were followed up by further IAI of their aorta (MRI/CT/repeat cardiac catheterization) after initial stent procedures. Abnormal imaging studies included: the presence of dissection or aneurysm formation, stent fracture, or the presence of reobstruction within the stent (instent restenosis or significant intimal build-up within the stent). Forty-one abnormal imaging studies were reported in the intermediate follow-up at median 12 months (0.5-92 months). Smaller postintervention of the aorta (CoA) diameter and an increased persistent systolic pressure gradient were associated with encountering abnormal follow-up imaging studies. Aortic wall abnormalities included dissections (n = 5) and aneurysm (n = 13). The risk of encountering aortic wall abnormalities increased with larger percent increase in CoA diameter poststent implant, increasing balloon/coarc ratio, and performing prestent angioplasty. Stent restenosis was observed in 5/6 parts encountering stent fracture and neointimal buildup (n = 16). Small CoA diameter poststent implant and increased poststent residual pressure gradient increased the likelihood of encountering instent restenosis at intermediate follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities were observed at intermediate follow-up following IS placement for treatment of native and recurrent coarctation of the aorta. Not exceeding a balloon:coarctation ratio of 3.5 and avoidance of prestent angioplasty decreased the likelihood of encountering an abnormal follow-up imaging study in patients undergoing intravascular stent placement for the treatment of coarctation of the aorta. We recommend IAI for all patients undergoing IS placement for treatment of CoA.     

广州管圆线虫抗原IF的中间纤维蛋白组织来源分析和定位

目的 对广州管圆线虫抗原IF进行中间纤维蛋白家族分类和细胞组织定位.方法 IFTG诱导重组基因pET-IF在大肠杆菌中表达广州管圆线虫抗原IF,用组氨酸亲和层析纯化表达产物,用Western blot方法鉴定抗原IF的中间纤维蛋白类型;小鼠皮下多点注射法制备抗IF抗体血清,用免疫组织化学方法检测抗原IF在虫体组织和细胞上的定位.结果 广州管圆线虫抗原IF在体外成功表达并纯化,其属于中间纤维蛋白家族的角蛋白,定位于广州管圆线虫成虫肠管壁,存在于细胞质中.结论 广州管圆线虫抗原IF分布于虫体肠管壁,同时从组织学角度证明广州管圆线虫存在中间纤维结构.     

Vimentin intermediate filaments and filamentous actin form unexpected interpenetrating networks that redefine the cell cortex

The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is primarily composed of networks of filamentous proteins, F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Interactions among the cytoskeletal components are important in determining cell structure and in regulating cell functions. For example, F-actin and microtubules work together to control cell shape and polarity, while the subcellular organization and transport of vimentin intermediate filament (VIF) networks depend on their interactions with microtubules. However, it is generally thought that F-actin and VIFs form two coexisting but separate networks that are independent due to observed differences in their spatial distribution and functions. In this paper, we present a closer investigation of both the structural and functional interplay between the F-actin and VIF cytoskeletal networks. We characterize the structure of VIFs and F-actin networks within the cell cortex using structured illumination microscopy and cryo-electron tomography. We find that VIFs and F-actin form an interpenetrating network (IPN) with interactions at multiple length scales, and VIFs are integral components of F-actin stress fibers. From measurements of recovery of cell contractility after transient stretching, we find that the IPN structure results in enhanced contractile forces and contributes to cell resilience. Studies of reconstituted networks and dynamic measurements in cells suggest direct and specific associations between VIFs and F-actin. From these results, we conclude that VIFs and F-actin work synergistically, both in their structure and in their function. These results profoundly alter our understanding of the contributions of the components of the cytoskeleton, particularly the interactions between intermediate filaments and F-actin.

The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic structure composed of multiple types of filamentous proteins. In eukaryotic cells, actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IFs) each form intricate networks of entangled and cross-linked filaments. The organization of each individual network is precisely controlled to enable essential cellular functions. However, many core processes also require interactions among the different cytoskeletal components. For example, filamentous-actin (F-actin) and microtubules work together to control cell shape and polarity, which are critical for development, cell migration, and division. Close associations between microtubules and vimentin IFs (VIFs) have also been proposed based on similarities in their spatial distributions and the dependence of the organization of VIF networks on the microtubule-associated motors, kinesin and dynein (1–3). Indeed, there is some experimental evidence that microtubules can template VIF assembly and that VIFs can guide microtubules (4, 5), while VIFs stabilize microtubules in vitro (6). In addition, in stratified epithelial cells, a subplasmalemmal rim of keratin IFs can be localized just below the actin cortex, suggesting cooperativity of keratin and actin networks in regulating cell mechanics (7). Despite such interactions, VIFs and F-actin are generally thought to form two coexisting but separate networks. For example, fluorescence microscopy typically reveals the strongest signals for F-actin in the cell periphery, whereas the strongest signals for VIFs are near the nucleus in the bulk cytoplasm, suggesting that the two networks have little or no interaction. Furthermore, the functions of F-actin and VIFs appear to be largely contrasting: F-actin generates forces, whereas VIFs provide stability against these forces. Nevertheless, some evidence suggests there may be connections between vimentin and actin: for example, vimentin knockout cells are less motile and less contractile than their wild-type (WT) counterparts (8). Furthermore, some interactions have been observed between F-actin and VIFs (9–11) as well as the precursors to keratin, another IF system (12). These findings suggest that direct interactions or connections may exist between VIFs and F-actin. However, there have been no reports of direct observations of these interactions through imaging or other means, which would provide conclusive evidence of their significance. Such connections would belie our current understanding of the two independent cytoskeletal networks but could have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of cells. The possibility of such connections demands a closer investigation of both the structural and functional interplay between the F-actin and VIF cytoskeletal networks.Here we present evidence that VIFs and F-actin do work synergistically and form an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure within the cell cortex, defined as the cortical cytoplasm adjacent to the cell surface. We combine high-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to image mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and observe coupling between F-actin and VIF structures within the cortex, contrary to the widely accepted view that they are each spatially segregated. In fact, the association of VIFs with cortical arrays of F-actin stress fibers occurs at multiple length scales. For example, VIFs run through and frequently appear to interconnect with adjacent stress fibers, forming meshworks that surround them. These organizational states are consistent with the formation of an IPN. We show that this IPN structure has important functional consequences in cells and can result in enhanced contractile forces. Moreover, our results indicate that specific associations exist between actin and vimentin proteins in the cytoplasmic environment, which may facilitate the formation of an IPN; the results also show that the VIF network can influence the diffusive behavior of actin monomers, which may, in turn, have downstream effects on other actin-driven processes. Thus, vimentin has a far more comprehensive role in cellular function than previously thought. These findings confirm the importance of the interplay between VIFs and F-actin, especially as it relates to the formation of IPNs and their consequences on the contractile nature of cells.     

4-氨基-5-氯-2-乙氧基苯甲酸的合成

目的合成4-氨基-5-氯-2-乙氧基苯甲酸。方法以对氨基水杨酸钠为原料,经酸化、甲酯化、乙酰化、乙基化、氯代、水解等六步反应得到枸橼酸莫沙必利的主要中间体4-氨基-5-氯-2-乙基苯甲酸。结果与结论本合成工艺提高了收率,降低了成本,更适合工业化生产,本工艺总收率为62.4%。     

Reactive astrocytes in neonate brain upregulate intermediate filament gene expression in response to axonal injury

We have examined the injury response of astrocytes in the immature hamster brain in this study, focusing on alterations in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. In the adult CNS these two type III intermediate filament (IF) proteins have been shown to undergo robust increases in expression in response to axonal injury. Since injury to the immature CNS reportedly elicits less glial scar formation than adult brain injury, we examined the possibility that immature astrocytes respond differently than adult astrocytes to CNS injury with respect to IF gene expression. In situ hybridization using a ³⁵S-labeled cDNA GFAP probe was done on brainstem sections obtained 2,7 and 14 days after unilateral transection of the corticospinal tract in P8 hamster pups. The results indicated that substantial increases in GFAP mRNA were associated with the degenerating portion of the corticospinal tract by 2 days after axotomy and that the levels remained elevated for at least 14 days. Double-label immunofluorescence studies of this material suggested that GFAP as well as vimentin protein levels were also increased in many astrocytes in and around the degenerating corticospinal tract 2–14 days after axotomy. Most of the reactive astocytes in the degenerating regions exhibited increases in GFAP and vimentin immunostaining but some vimentin-negative GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes were also observed, particularly in regions surrounding the actual degenerative zones. The results from these experiments revealed that immature astrocytes have the potential for altering their normal developmental program of GFAP and vimentin expression after injury and mount a response that is qualitatively similar to that of astrocytes after CNS injury in the adult animal.     

Is prediffusion test an alternative to improve accuracy in screening hVISA strains and to detect susceptibility to glycopeptides/lipopeptides?

The characterization of heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains (hVISA) is even more challenging, as no routine standardized laboratory methods are available. A total of 124 S. aureus isolates recovered from inpatients attended in hospitals of Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil, were evaluated. The MIC of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and daptomycin was determined by Etest and prediffusion tests using NeoSensitabs® tablets. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (MICs: 0.5–3 μg/mL) by Etest. However, according to prediffusion test, 17 isolates presented reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, and of these, 12 were confirmed as hVISA using populational analysis. Considering daptomycin, prediffusion results were in agreement with susceptibility data (MICs), as all isolates were susceptible. Considering that characterizing hVISA is challenging and that MIC determination is not adequate to characterize this phenotype, prediffusion test was a viable alternative to screening hVISA and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. It was simple and low cost, with accuracy comparable to other well-established methods.