Cognitive functions in primary central nervous system lymphoma: literature review and assessment guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Treatment-related neurotoxicity has been recognized as a significant problem in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) as effective treatment has increased survival rates. There is, however, a paucity of research on cognitive functions in this population. DESIGN: In a review of the literature, a total of 17 articles that described cognitive outcome in adult PCNSL patients were identified. RESULTS: The studies that assessed cognitive functions after whole-brain radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy reported cognitive impairment in most patients. Patients treated with chemotherapy alone had either stable or improved cognitive performance in most studies. Methodological problems, however, limited the ability to ascertain the specific contribution of disease and various treatment interventions to cognitive outcome. On the basis of the literature review, a battery of cognitive and quality-of-life (QoL) measures to be used in prospective clinical trials was proposed. The battery is composed of five standardized neuropsychological tests, covering four domains sensitive to disease and treatment effects (attention, executive functions, memory, psychomotor speed), and QoL questionnaires, and meets criteria for use in collaborative trials. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of formal and systematic cognitive evaluations in PCNSL studies will improve our understanding of treatment-related neurotoxicity in this population.     

Is rural radiation oncology practice quality as good as the big smoke? Results of the Australian radiotherapy single machine unit trial

Radiotherapy utilization rates in rural Australia are suboptimal, with one solution being the building of single machine units (SMUs). One concern raised with such an approach is the quality of care delivered in SMUs. The Australian and Victorian governments have established two SMUs in the state of Victoria, with each SMU operated as a satellite service of a major ‘hub’ site. We report on the planned evaluation of practice quality. Radiation oncologist (RO) clinical practice was externally audited using the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists Peer Review Audit instrument. This tool splits RO clinical practice into documentation/quality assurance (QA) criteria and decision‐making criteria. Over the four sites, 130 patients were randomly selected for audit. At hub sites, 79.6% of all criteria audited were adequate, compared with 84.4% of criteria audited at SMUs (P = 0.0002). This difference was largely because of better adherence to documentation/QA criteria at the SMU sites. RO decision‐making and protocol adherence were routinely very high and consistent with other clinical practice audits. There were no significant differences between hubs and SMUs for adherence to decision‐making criteria; however, the few potential deficiencies in patient care identified occurred only at the hub sites. In at least one of these cases, potential suboptimal management was as a direct result of inadequate documentation. This audit found that SMUs provide as high a standard of radiotherapeutic care as larger hub departments. The findings also emphasize the need for all departments to target clinical documentation.     

大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗III期非小细胞肺癌72例临床分析

 目的研究大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗临床III期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及毒副反应。方法72例Ⅲ期NSCLC患者均采用大分割三维适形放射治疗,单次治疗剂量为400cGy,治疗次数为14次,总剂量为56Gy,18~21d完成;同期采用低剂量密集式TP方案化疗,化疗疗程为4~6周期。结果72例患者获得完全随访。肺原发灶总有效率为93.1%;纵隔转移淋巴结总有效率为100.0%。肺鳞癌总有效率为93.5%;肺腺癌总有效率为81.1%。全组患者1、2年局控率分别为63.9%和41.7%;中位生存时间为18.9个月,1、2年生存率分别为76.2%和47.2%。白细胞下降总发生率为95.8%;恶心、呕吐反应为33.3%;I、II级急性放射性食管炎和放射性肺炎发生率分别为54.2%和12.5%。结论大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗III期非小细胞肺癌有较好的近期疗效,毒副作用可耐受,远期疗效待观察。     

提高放射治疗摆位精度

目的:探讨放射治疗时如何改进定位器械和摆位方式,在不增加摆位程序的条件下提高摆位治疗的精度。方法:对22位胸腹肿瘤患者分别用热塑定位体模和自己研发的定位辅助器械,进行定位和复位。在20次治疗摆位时,两种模型各用10次,对每一位患者采用相同的摆位条件,摆位后用CBCT在相同条件下采集图像信息,通过XVI系统采用骨模式在相同条件下和参考图像进行匹配,记录数据,观察两种摆位方式哪种精度更高。结果:X,Y,Z三个方向的误差使用辅助器械后治疗精度均有很大提高。结论:采用自己研发的辅助器械后,摆位精度更高。     

Radiotherapy suppressed tumor-specific recruitment of regulator T cells via up-regulating microR-545 in Lewis lung carcinoma cells

Objective: Radiotherapy is an important treatment for cancer. The main irradiated action is thought to be the irreversible damage to tumor cell DNA, but recent studies showed that high dose radiotherapy related to the tumor immune response. This study was designed to determine the relationship between Lewis lung tumor radiosensitivity and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltration and elucidate the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Methods: With tumor transplantation method to establish mice Lewis lung tumor mice model, to observe the inhibition rate of radiotherapy to tumor growth. Proliferation profiles of CD4+CD25+ Tregs and CD4+ T cells were assessed by flow cytometry. MiR-545 and CCL-22 mRNA were determined by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. CCL-22 protein was determined by western blot assay. Results: Radiotherapy caused a time-dependent inhibition of tumor growth as well as a decrease in the percentage of tumor-infiltrating CD4+CD25+ Tregs of CD4+ T cells compared with no treatment group. And the miR-545 was significantly upregulated and CCL-22 was significantly down-regulated in irradiated tumor and Lewis lung cancer cells. In Lewis lung cancer cell transfection experiments, mimic or inhibitor for miR-545 negatively regulated CCL-22 expression when cells treated or treated without irradiation. Silenced miR-545 promotes CD4+CD25+ Treg proliferation. Additionally, silenced miR-545 reversed radiosensitivity of Lewis lung cancer. Conclusion: Radiotherapy suppressed specific recruitment of regulator CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in Lewis lung carcinoma via up-regulating microR-545.     

肺癌患者体液免疫状态与放疗效果的临床分析

[目的]约70%肺癌患者接受放射治疗,本文拟通过对非小细胞肺癌患者放疗前体液免疫功能状态与疗效的分析,探讨其对放射治疗的影响。[方法]用自动生化分析仪测定血清球蛋白I、gGI、gA、IgM及补体3(C3)、补体4(C4)的量。所有患者均采取三维适形放射治疗,总剂量Dt=60 Gy。放疗前和放疗后一个月行胸部CT检查,用P3MD计划系统计算肿瘤体积。瘤体缩小50%以上定为治疗有效。[结果]42例患者33例有效,9例无效(3例无变化);血清IgGI、gA、IgM、C3及C4的量有效组分别为11.77±2.58、2.44±0.93、0.97±0.46、1.23±0.32和0.32±0.09(g/L);无效组分别为11.94±5.06、2.58±1.28、1.24±0.42、0.89±0.22和0.24±0.05(g/L)。C3和C4有效组明显高于无效组(P<0.01和P<0.05)。将瘤体缩小的百分率与IgG、IgAI、gM、C3及C4行相关分析得出的r值分别为-0.04、-0.17、-0.316、0.50和0.54,C3和C4与其有明显的正相关性(P<0.001)。[结论]肺癌患者放射治疗前血清中补体水平与肿瘤的治疗效果有明显的相关性,放疗前充分了解血清中C3和C4量,对评估放射治疗效果有一定的帮助。     

热塑性头颈肩膜开窗技术在喉癌患者放疗中的应用

目的:观察热塑性头颈肩膜开窗技术对喉癌急性放射性皮炎的保护作用。方法:将73例恶性肿瘤患者随机分为开窗组(38例)和对照组(35例)。开窗组将头颈肩膜中放射野相应区域剪去,射野中心使用激光延长线摆位放疗;对照组保留完整头颈肩膜,常规使用激光十字投射点摆位放疗。观察并比较两组放射性皮炎的发生率及照射野皮肤的疼痛程度。结果:开窗组放射性皮炎的发生率较对照组明显降低(P<0.05),且开窗组照射野皮肤的疼痛程度也较对照组明显减轻(P<0.05)。结论:热塑性头颈肩膜开窗技术能有效减轻喉癌放疗患者急性放射性皮炎的发生。     

基于Varian锥形束CT影像质量的直线加速器选择策略

目的:定量分析不同锥形束CT（CBCT）影像特点,从而为患者选择最佳设备。方法:利用CatPhan604模体分析Edge、TrueBeam及新旧ix机载CBCT头、胸、盆模式图像。结果:12组图像头、胸、盆CT值最准确的是ix新机器、TrueBeam、Edge,分别为5.69、0.81、6.74 HU;CT值线性最好的是ix旧机器或新机器、Edge、Edge,分别为0.995、0.996、0.997;线性距离误差最小的是ix旧机器、Edge、Edge或TrueBeam或ix旧机器,分别为0.050、0.075、0.100 mm;角度误差最小的是ix旧机器、Edge或TrueBeam、Edge或ix新机器,分别为0.075°、0.050°、0.075°。头、胸、盆高对比度分辨率最好的是ix旧机器、Edge、Edge,分别为7、5、5 LP/cm;均匀性最好的是Edge、Edge、Edge,分别为4.78、20.19、4.63。头、胸、盆噪声最好的是Edge、ix新机器、ix新机器,分别为27.53、8.67、7.33;信噪比最好的是Edge、TrueBeam、ix新机器,分别为83.17、124.39、288.39;对比度噪声比最好的是Edge、ix新机器、ix新机器,分别为11.92、41.42、51.47。低对比度分辨率头部未可见,胸、盆部最好的是Edge或TrueBeam、Edge,分别为6.00、3.75。结论:CBCT系统间差异大,为患者选择加速器时应考虑成像特点,如自适应放疗选择高CT值线性和准确性,立体定向放疗选择低距离和角度误差设备等。