WPBL教学法用于《寄生虫学检验》教学的尝试

采用对比研究方法,对2007级医学检验专业学生《寄生虫学检验》课程的部分教学内容进行了WPBL教学改革尝试。结果在基本理论知识和标本识别能力方面,WPBL教学组与LBL教学组差异有统计学意义(t=2.00,2.48,P0.05),检验操作技能教学效果差异无统计学意义(t=1.67,P0.05)。WPBL学习法能激发学生的探索精神,促进其主动学习,并有利于培养和提高科学思维能力及交往能力,是值得推广的新型教学方法。     

Controlling caries in exposed root surfaces with silver diamine fluoride: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Background

In this systematic review, the authors aim to assess the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in preventing and arresting caries in exposed root surfaces of adults.

Exploring youth and caregiver preferences for asthma education video content

Objective: This study examines (1) whether youth and their caregivers have different preferences for asthma education video topics and (2) if education topic preferences vary by youth and caregiver sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Youth (n?=?83) ages 7–17 years with persistent asthma and their caregivers were recruited at two pediatric practices in North Carolina. Sociodemographic information and youth and caregiver preferences for nine asthma video education topics were collected during in-person interviews. Bonferroni-corrected Chi-square or McNemar tests (α?=?0.0056) were used to compare youth and caregivers differences in topic preferences and topic preferences by youth and caregiver sociodemographic characteristics, including gender, race, ethnicity, and age. Results: Youth were primarily male (52%) and from low-income families (74%; caregiver annual income less than $30 000) and many were Hispanic (45%). Youth and parents expressed the most interest in the following two topics: “how to deal with triggers” (90% and 95%, respectively) and “how to keep asthma under control” (87% and 96%, respectively). Caregivers and children were discordant for two topics: “the difference between a rescue and controller medicine” and “how to [help your child] talk to your [his/her] friends about asthma.” No differences were found between youth and caregiver sociodemographic characteristics and video topic preferences. Conclusions: Youth with persistent asthma and their caregivers differed in their asthma education topic preferences, but preferences did not vary by caregiver or youth sociodemographic characteristics. Studies examining the effectiveness of interventions tailored to differences in educational preferences of youth with asthma and their caregivers are needed.     

Stoop or squat: a review of biomechanical studies on lifting technique

Objective. To assess the biomechanical evidence in support of advocating the squat lifting technique as an administrative control to prevent low back pain.

Background. Instruction with respect to lifting technique is commonly employed to prevent low back pain. The squat technique is the most widely advised lifting technique. Intervention studies failed to show health effects of this approach and consequently the rationale behind the advised lifting techniques has been questioned.

Methods. Biomechanical studies comparing the stoop and squat technique were systematically reviewed. The dependent variables used in these studies and the methods by which these were measured or estimated were ranked for validity as indicators of low back load.

Results. Spinal compression as indicated by intra-discal pressure and spinal shrinkage appeared not significantly different between both lifting techniques. Net moments and compression forces based on model estimates were found to be equal or somewhat higher in squat than in stoop lifting. Only when the load could be lifted from a position in between the feet did squat lifting cause lower net moments, although the studies reporting this finding had a marginal validity. Shear force and bending moments acting on the spine appeared lower in squat lifting. Net moments and compression forces during lifting reach magnitudes, that can probably cause injury, whereas shear forces and bending moments remained below injury threshold in both techniques.

Conclusion. The biomechanical literature does not provide support for advocating the squat technique as a means of preventing low back pain.Relevance

Training in lifting technique is widely used in primary and secondary prevention of low back pain, though health effects have not been proven. The present review assesses the biomechanical evidence supporting the most widely advocated lifting technique.     

Effect of oral health intervention on cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled trial

PurposeThe incidence of dementia is rapidly increasing worldwide, especially in developed countries. Little is known regarding the effectiveness of dental intervention to prevent dementia or a decline in cognitive functions among community-dwelling older adults, but a few studies have reported a correlation between the lack of regular dental checkups and dementia. For that reason, this study aimed to investigate the effects of oral health intervention on cognitive functions in community-dwelling subjects with a mild cognitive decline via a randomized controlled trial.Patients and methodsFifty-five community-dwelling older adults with a Mini-Mental State Examination score of ≥21 to ≤26 who had not visited a dental clinic in the previous year were randomized to an intervention group (n = 28) or a control group (n = 29). The intervention group received monthly oral health intervention by dental hygienists for 8 months while the control group did not. Data on demographics, cognitive function and oral parameters were collected before and after the intervention.ResultsTwenty-five subjects in the intervention group (mean age 77.0 years) and 25 in the control group (mean age 72.8 years) completed the study. Significant improvements were observed in the Trail Making Test (TMT)-A, TMT-B, bleeding on probing rate, oral diadochokinesis, tongue pressure and chewing ability in the intervention group (P < 0.05). There were also significant interactions between the TMT-A and TMT-B scores, oral diadochokinesis, tongue pressure and chewing ability (P < 0.05).ConclusionOral health intervention by dental hygienists may be effective for improving the oral health and executive function of cognitive function assessed via TMT.     

口腔下颌运动教学辅助系统的开发

目的：开发下颌运动教学辅助系统，利于口腔生理教学。方法：利用计算机图形学技术，建立一个下颌骨三维数据模型，从三维六自由度下颌运动轨迹描记仪MT－1602（德国Hansen公司）获得了下颌运动轨迹原始数据，根据刚体运动规律，Microsoft Visual C 软件编程。结果：该系统能根据实测的运动轨迹真实显示下颌运动，轨迹和模型运动随意切换显示，并且此三维下颌模型能被任意旋转，从任何需要的角度来观察下颌运动。结论：该系统对下颌运动教学有较大意义。     

Video-Assisted Clinical Instruction in Dentistry (VACID) enhances real-time visualisation of clinical procedures

AIM: The use of Video-Assisted Clinical Instruction in Dentistry (VACID) in the training of dental students represents an innovative teaching medium. Despite the many advantages that this teaching medium promises to offer, little objective research has been published to substantiate its purported benefits. This article examines the students' response to the application of VACID to enhance real-time visualisation of clinical procedures while observing live clinical procedures in periodontics. METHOD: Forty third-year dental students, observing surgical procedures during their rotation in the Department of Periodontics, were invited to participate in a survey designed to examine perceptions relating to their learning experience to using conventional and video-assisted real-time visualisation of clinical procedures. Students' responses were obtained using a questionnaire administered immediately after the completion of the observational period. The survey employed attitude questions addressing both enabling and outcome criteria. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the student's responses. An open-ended question was also included in the survey to give students the opportunity to provide additional feedback regarding their experience and suggestions to improve on it. RESULTS: Results suggest that the implementation of VACID in the clinical setting improves the student's learning experience, interest and satisfaction. Ninety per cent of students strongly agreed to have VACID implemented for their next clinical observation. Responses to the open-ended question indicated that improved visualisation was extremely helpful in understanding the progress of clinical procedures. CONCLUSION: The implementation of VACID in the clinical setting enhances real-time visualisation of surgical procedures beyond what is offered by the conventional observational format.     

口腔健康宣教对拔牙患者牙科焦虑心理的作用

目的 评价口腔健康宣教能否作为预防拔牙患者牙科焦虑心理有效方法.方法 实验组和对照组各40例拔牙患者在术前30分钟、术前2分钟应用牙科焦虑量表(MDAS)测评焦虑程度,两次测评之间实验组患者接受口腔健康宣教.结果 实验组术前2分钟的焦虑程度显著性低于术前30分钟(P＜0.05),同时也显著低于对照组术前2分钟(P＜0.01),两组术前30分钟焦虑程度无显著性差异.结论 口腔健康宣教能显著减轻拔牙患者术前焦虑.     

聚焦解决模式在肝移植遵医行为中的应用

【】目的 探讨聚焦解决模式在肝移植患者遵医行为中的应用与效果。方法 以聚焦解决模式为依据,制订护理干预策略,随机分组实验组(36例)和对照组(32例)。对照组进行常规护理,实验组在常规护理的基础上,按照聚焦解决模式五个步骤进行护理,采用一般情况问卷和肝移植患者依从性调查表对68例肝移植术后6个月的患者进行随访和调查。结果 实验组比对照组肝移植患者免疫抑制药物依从性提高8.7%~19.4%,生活习惯依从性评分提高10.1%~38.0%,自我监测及随访依从性评分提高6.3%~34.0%。结论 采用聚焦解决模式对肝移植患者遵医行为实施护理,可显著增强患者出院后的服药依从性和自我管理能力,从而达到提高患者的生活质量,减少并发症的发生的目的。