原青花素对大鼠急性肺损伤伴肾功能损害的拮抗作用

目的：探讨原青花素（GSP）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导大鼠急性肺损伤（AL1）伴肾功能损害的保护作用及其分子机制。方法：采用尾静脉注射LPS制备SD大鼠AL1模型；同时腹腔注射GSP50mg／kg进行干预。给药后6h取静脉血，并制备肺、肾皮质组织匀浆；检测血中肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、乳酸（Lac）及一氧化氮（NO）含量；用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血清、肺和肾组织肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）及IL-6水平。观察肺组织病理学变化、肺血管通透性变化及肺组织湿／干重（W／D）比值，检测肺和肾组织丙二醛（MDA）含量，Na^＋-K^-ATP酶、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）及髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性。用蛋白质免疫印迹法（Western blotting）检测肺组织丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPKs）变化；用电泳迁移率实验（EMSA）检测肺组织核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）的DNA结合活性。结果：①LPS大鼠肺间质弥漫性出血，肺泡腔内可见大量粒细胞聚集、浸润，并可见弥漫性肺泡间隔增厚，GSP干预可明显减轻上述病理表现。②LPS大鼠肺组织W／D和肺血管通透性显著增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；而GSP干预可显著降低上述指标（P均〈0．01）。③LPS组血清及肺组织TNF-α、IL-1β、MCP-1和IL-6、MDA和MPO水平均明显高于对照组，而Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、SOD及GSH-Px活性均明显低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。LPS大鼠肺组织MAPKs磷酸化水平及NF-κB的DNA结合活性也显著升高，GSP干预后上述指标明显减轻。结论：GSP通过阻断MAPKs的激活及抑制NF-κB的DNA结合活性，降低肺组织的炎症反应，减轻肺组织的损害，对LPS所致大鼠AL1伴肾功能损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

二甲双胍激活AMPK通路减轻饱和脂肪酸诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性反应

目的 观察二甲双胍对饱和脂肪酸(SFA)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性反应中炎性因子的影响及探讨其可能机制.方法 SFA干预RAW264.7巨噬细胞建立体外炎性反应模型;实验分为对照组、SFA干预组、二甲双胍+ SFA干预组、AMPK抑制剂Compound C+二甲双胍+SFA干预组;实时定量PCR检测TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA的表达,ELISA法检测TNF-α和IL-6蛋白的分泌,Western blot分析腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)的磷酸化水平.结果 与对照组比较,SFA干预组RAW264.7巨噬细胞TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA表达及蛋白分泌水平均显著升高(P＜0.05);与SFA组比较,二甲双胍+SFA干预组TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA表达水平及蛋白分泌水平均降低(P＜0.05),而细胞AMPK的磷酸化水平增强(P＜0.05);与二甲双胍+SFA干预组比,Compound C+二甲双胍+SFA干预组TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA表达及蛋白分泌水平均升高,AMPK磷酸化水平降低(P＜0.05).结论 二甲双胍激活AMPK降低饱和脂肪酸诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6的分泌.     

Novel function of histamine signaling in hyperlipidemia‐induced atherosclerosis: Histamine H1 receptors protect and H2 receptors accelerate atherosclerosis

Histamine is not only essential for acute inflammatory reactions, but it also participates in a chronic inflammatory disorder. We generated apolipoprotein E (apoE) and histamine receptors (HHRs), including the major H1 and H2 receptors (HH1R, HH2R) double knockout mice (DKO) to clarify the role of HHRs in hyperlipidemia‐induced atherosclerosis, in which apoE‐KO and DKO mice were fed a high cholesterol diet. We found that pronounced hyperlipidemia‐induced atherosclerotic progression occurred in HH1R/apoE‐DKO mice, but in HH2R/apoE‐DKO mice less atherosclerosis, despite pro‐atherogenic serum cholesterol levels compared with apoE‐KO mice. Furthermore, the increased expressions of scavenger receptors (SRs), such as SR‐A, CD36 and lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX‐1), nuclear factor‐kappa B (NFκB), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP‐1), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or liver X receptor (LXR)‐related inflammatory signaling factors, were consistent with the pro‐atherogenic phenotype of HH2R/apoE‐DKO mice. We hypothesize that histamine/HH1R and HH2R signaling has conflicting innate functions, inflammatory/atherogenic and anti‐inflammatory/anti‐atherogenic actions, and that there are innate links between histamine signaling and hyperlipidemia‐induced atherosclerosis, independently of serum cholesterol metabolism. Specific histamine signaling blockers, in particular, HH2R blockers, are a possible novel therapeutic target for hyperlipidemia‐induced atherosclerosis.     

Sclerosing mesenteritis: A real manifestation or histological mimic of IgG4‐related disease?

We present three cases of sclerosing mesenteritis and review the literature to learn whether or not sclerosing mesenteritis is an IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD). Our patients were all adult males. Their mesenteric masses ranged from 6.5 to 14.5 cm in the greatest diameter. Tissue specimens showed moderate to severe lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with occasional eosinophils against a background of irregular fibrosis. Both obliterative phlebitis and storiform fibrosis were noted in all cases. IgG4+ plasma cells were moderately increased in number (46 to 85 cells/high‐power field). However, unlike IgG4‐RD, the IgG4+/IgG+ plasma cell ratio was <40% (28% to 35%). Serum IgG4 concentrations were also within the normal range (43.2 to 105 mg/dL; normal range <135 mg/dL). Two biopsy cases showed spontaneous regression on imaging approximately 5 months later. No sclerosing conditions were found in other organs. The literature review identified 11 additional cases of sclerosing mesenteritis with IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration. However, conclusive cases with four characteristic features (high serum IgG4 levels, tissue IgG4 elevation, multi‐organ involvement, and effective response to glucocorticoid therapy) have never been reported. In conclusion, although sclerosing mesenteritis shares histological features with IgG4‐RD, most cases are less likely to be IgG4‐related. IgG4‐RD seemingly seldom, if ever, affects this anatomical site.     

小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

炎症反应在脑缺血再灌注损伤机制中十分重要,而脑内小胶质细胞的激活是炎症反应中的重要环节.在脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中,小胶质细胞被激活,并对神经细胞发挥了损伤与保护双重作用.小胶质细胞对脑缺血再灌注损伤机制作用的复杂性,使其在脑缺血再灌注损伤研究中的意义也越来越受到重视.研究从小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤后被激活参与炎症反应,与活化的小胶质细胞自身对脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用对小胶质细胞在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的双重作用很有意义.     

21 例炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的超声表现分析简

目的探讨炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤（IMT）的超声表现,旨在提高对其诊断水平。方法回顾性分析21例经手术病理组织证实的IMT患者超声图像,其中男性13例,女性8例：年龄0.5～76.0岁,平均年龄45.1岁。分析病变的发生部位、大小、形态、边界、内部回声、血流信号及有无转移等特点。仅有5例腹腔IMT和2例盆腔IMT进行增强CT检查,余14例只做了超声检查。结果位于腹腔7例,位于盆腔4例,位于泌尿道2例,位于前臂、颈部、甲状腺、眼眶、阴囊、腹股沟、锁骨下、小腿各1例。13例瘤体最大径〈5cm。8例瘤体最大径〉5cm。14例瘤体边界清楚,7例瘤体边界不清楚。15例瘤体为低回声.6例为囊实混合回声。14例瘤体血流信号不丰富.7例血流信号丰富。仅1例IMT发生腹腔大网膜多发转移,余20例IMT未发现转移灶。免疫组织化学检测显示：肿瘤细胞表达Vimentin、SMA、MSA、Desmin,其阳性率分别为100％（21／21）、100％（21／21）、100％（21／21）、47.6％（10／21）。结论超声检查能清楚显示IMT的部位、大小、形态、边界、内部回声、血流信号及其有无转移等.但超声图的表现无特异性.确诊仍依赖病理学及免疫组织化学检查。     

牙源性干细胞来源外泌体的功能研究新进展

近年来关于间充质干细胞来源外泌体的研究已成为热点,但有关牙源性干细胞来源外泌体的研究相对较少。相比于其他间充质干细胞,牙源性干细胞因易获取,并具有更强的免疫调节功能和组织再生能力而成为学者们研究的新方向。文章总结了近几年牙源性干细胞来源外泌体功能研究新进展,主要就牙源性干细胞来源外泌体的炎症调节功能、促组织再生功能和神经保护功能3个方面做一阐述。     

牵张力对大鼠髁突软骨细胞增殖及相关因子表达的影响

目的:观察牵张力对大鼠髁突软骨细胞增殖、炎性因子及Hedgehog通路基因的表达影响,探讨牵张力对软骨细胞的调控。方法:体外培养软骨细胞并鉴定。用Flexcell 4000TM加力板对细胞施加0.5 Hz,0%、3%和15%的牵张应变,作用4 h后检测细胞增殖情况,对比PCNA、Caspase-3、COL II、IL-1β、TNF-α及Hedgehog通路基因Ihh、Ptc和Smo的表达变化。结果:与对照组相比,3%组细胞增殖速度增加,PCNA、COLII、Ihh、Ptc和Smo的mRNA表达增加,15%组Caspase-3、IL-1β和TNF-α表达增加,而PCNA、Smo表达降低。与3%组相比,15%组细胞增殖速度降低,PCNA、COL II、Ihh和Smo表达降低,而Caspase-3、IL-1β表达增高。结论:不同强度牵张力对大鼠髁突软骨细胞增殖活性及炎性因子表达作用不同。Hedgehog通路对牵张力敏感,可能参与了力学刺激对软骨细胞的调控。