20世纪40年代我国的青霉素研制工作

我国于1941年秋开始研制青霉素,1944年9月5日研制成功,1947年初建立了第一座小型现代化青霉素工厂,并开始向工业化生产发展,40年代我国研制青霉素的工作,为我国青霉素工业化生产奠定了基础,在我国现代医药史上占有重要地位。     

Mapa de las políticas nutricionales escolares en España

ObjectiveTo systematically describe the school nutritional policies of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain.MethodThrough a search of bibliographic databases, web pages and other official information systems, 183 documents of interest were identified. Information was systematically collected with the SNIPE (school nutrition index of programme effectiveness) questionnaire, adapted to Spain, and validated by reference staff of the regional government's health and education ministries.ResultsThe main objective of the policies is to prevent obesity and improve the nutrition of schoolchildren. The 17 autonomous communities cover the school canteen service, 11 cafeteria and vending machines, and 9 the breakfast service. All communities use the Consensus Document on School Food as a reference for the content of the menu and the nutritional quality of the products offered at the school; however, only 4 of them have regulated these aspects. The evaluation of policy objectives ranges from 58.8% of the autonomous communities for food supply to 5.9% for rotation and menu quality.ConclusionAlthough all the autonomous communities have standards for the school menu, the standards for the rest of the food supply vary across them; also, evaluation of objectives is scarce and only 4 communities have approved mandatory regulations. Nutritional standards should be reviewed according to current scientific knowledge and enacted by law, in compliance with the current legislation (Act 17/2011).     

The increasing importance of tumor and tissue banks in the light of genomic and proteomic research

Recent technological advances in genome and proteome research offer new perspectives for diagnosis and therapy. The DNA chip technology as well as high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry is able to provide comprehensive information on gene and protein expression patterns, which allow insights into the dynamic and functional aspects of diseases. The application of these techniques depends on the availability of unfixed fresh or cryopreserved tissue with short ischaemia time. For this reason tissue banks are of increasing importance. The pathologist with his expertise and responsibility for histopathological diagnosis, plays a central role in the collection of the human tissues, in accordance with medical, legal and ethical standards, not only for diagnostic purposes, but also for research. The scientific value of a tissue bank is markedly increased if tissue samples are accompanied by detailed patient data as well as blood samples. Informed consent given by the patient is an essential requirement for the use of human tissue banks in biomedical research. The informed consent should not be restricted to scientific investigations but also include the potential commercial use of the data generated.     

Response to the Distilled spirits Industry Council of Australia Inc. position paper 'Alcohol Availability'

A critique is offered of the Distilled Spirits Industry Council position paper 'Alcohol Availability'. It is argued that this position paper presents a simple-minded analysis of the complex relationship between the availability of alcohol and its consumption which pays no attention to the importance of price in determining consumption. As a consequence, it misconstrues the lessons to be drawn from the Victorian experiment in liberalization and fails to consider its implications for the incidence of alcohol related problems.     

Mental retardation in ten-year-old children in relation to their mothers' employment during pregnancy

We conducted a case-control study to examine relationships between potential risk factors in women's prenatal occupational histories and subsequent mental retardation in their 10-year-old children. Children with mental retardation (intelligence quotient less than 71) were identified from special education records maintained by the public school systems in the metropolitan Atlanta area and from records of various medical and social service agencies serving children with special needs. Control children were chosen from the rosters of 10-year-olds who were enrolled in regular education classes in the local public school systems. To obtain occupational histories, sociodemographic data, and other information, we interviewed 352 natural mothers (67%) of 525 case children and 408 natural mothers (64%) of 636 control children. We computed odds ratios for each of 25 selected occupation, industry, and agent categories controlling for maternal education, birth order, and race. Most comparisons yielded odds ratios that were not indicative of unusual risks, but we did find lower than expected risks among children of teachers and health-care professionals. We also found a strong, positive association between mental retardation and maternal employment in the textile and apparel industries. The findings are useful for planning the direction of future studies of childhood cognitive ability to focus on specific parental occupations or industries. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

石化催化作业工人神经行为功能的调查

（１）目的 探讨石化催化作业对工人神经行为功能的影响。（２）方法 采用ＷＨＯ推荐的神经行为功能测试方法对４０名作业工人（接触组）进行了测定,并与４０名非职业性有害因素作业的工人（对照组）进行了比较。（３）结果 接触组工人情感状态问卷的疲惫－惰性及困惑－迷茫的分数高于对照组,差异有显著性（Ｆ＝４．７８,６．９７,Ｐ〈０．０５）,接触组数字跨度测试的倒序,手提转捷度,数字译码,目标追踪的正确打点数和总     

知识经济与高校信息服务业的战略转变

知识经济的迅猛发展,使我国高等学校的信息服务业面临着变革和发展的新机遇,本文在分析信息服务业内部各服务环节功能的传统性、局限性的基础上,提出了高校信息业发展的战略目标,以及为实现战略目标必须对各服务环节功能进行调整和改革的具体意见。同时强调指出：转变观念是实现改革与发展的先导。     

中国内陆盐地药产业培植与可持续发展的研究

我国有9913km2内陆盐地,分布着适应性极强的盐生植物,其中内陆盐地药不仅具有特定的地理单元、特殊的生态环境和独特的化学成分,也是改良内陆盐渍的先锋物种.本文在内陆干旱封闭生态系统盐渍化防治研究的基础上,提出了中国内陆盐地药产业培植与可持续发展的新思路,并从内陆盐地药产业的培植与可持续发展理论基础,从内陆盐地药产业的培植能为农民带来巨大的经济效益等方面,阐述了培植内陆盐地药产业的科学依据和实证研究.     

试论品牌管理在制药业中的潜能

目的:发掘制药业品牌管理的潜能,探讨品牌管理在制药业中的重要性。方法:从制药业目前的环境入手,分析品牌管理的发展机遇。结果与结论:制药业的品牌管理面临前所未有的发展契机。随着产品时代的结束,品牌管理已成为制药业获得竞争优势的一项重要资源。