Disease classification is an important part in the process of medicalisation and one important tool by which medical authority is exerted. The demand for, or proposal of a diagnosis may be the first step in casting life's experiences as medical in nature. Aronowitz has written about how diagnoses result from social framing mechanisms (2008) and consensus (2001), while Brown (1995) has demonstrated a complex range of interactions between lay and professionals, institutions and industries which underpin disease discovery. In any case, there are numerous social factors which shape the diagnosis, and in turn, provide a mechanism by which medicalisation can be enacted. Focussing on diagnostic classification provides an important perspective on the human condition and its relationship to medicine. 相似文献
The markets for the traditional output of schools of pharmacy, namely education, research and graduates, are changing. The main private client in these markets, the pharmaceutical industry, is moving fast to become more efficient, under pressure from overly costly drug development. The challenges to the industry that emanate from the fantastic rate of advances in the biomedical sciences and pharmaceutical development are considerable. The many agents that were unheard of 10 years ago, such as gene-regulators, together with new technologies, all require new approaches to fundamental pharmaceutical issues.
The concept of disciplines in graduate education may have to be reconsidered in the light of the multidisciplinary problems to be tackled. In addition, graduates will need to acquire a range of non-disciplinary skills, such as better communication or team working, in order to be effective in the commercial market place.
The concept of ‘research schools’ following either a local or network model may provide the way forward to help academia meet the graduate education needs of industry. The objectives and mission of such institutions must be clearly defined to ensure that the current scientific environment is embraced fully. 相似文献
Most users of illicit drugs are employed adults, with substance use rates especially high in the construction industry. In an effort to shed light on the nature and extent of drug use among construction industry workers, and to compare drug use assessment methods, substance use among construction workers, 60% of whom were apprentices, across six sites was assessed by questionnaire, urinalysis, and hair analysis. Nearly 17% of the participants reported current drug use, although drug use differed dramatically by site. Drug use rates also differed by respondent characteristics, participation rates, and assessment method. The strengths and weaknesses of each assessment method are discussed, along with the rationale for combining methods. 相似文献
Summary The results of epidemiological studies on non-auditory effects of noise in industry are commented upon. The present state of the art does not permit any definite conclusion to be drawn about the risk of hypertension. Annoyance by noise is widespread; it has many different aspects and it has been studied in detail in this project. Combinations of working conditions should be studied that produce interaction effects overloading psychological or physiological systems. Some examples are given. Standards and guidelines for industrial exposure to noise should also prevent wellknown, non-auditory effects, such as communication problems, which result in social isolation. 相似文献