Exposure of children and adolescents to alcohol advertising on Australian metropolitan free-to-air television

Aim   This study investigated the exposure of underage youth to alcohol television advertising on metropolitan free-to-air television in the five mainland capital city markets of Australia.
Design   Exposure levels (target audience rating points; TARPs) were obtained for all alcohol advertisements screened from November 2005 to October 2006 in each capital city market for: children 0–12 years; underage teens 13–17 years; young adults 18–24 years; and mature adults 25+ years. The 30 most exposed advertisements across age groups were then content-analysed for elements appealing to children and underage youth.
Results   In each of the five metropolitan markets, mature adults were most exposed to alcohol advertising. Children were exposed to one-third the level of mature adults and underage teens to approximately the same level as young adults. However, there was considerable variation in media weight between markets, such that underage teens in two markets had higher advertising TARPs than young adults in other markets.
All 30 highest exposed advertisements contained at least one element known to appeal to children and underage youth, with 23 containing two or more such elements. Fifteen of the 30 advertisements featured an animal.
Conclusions   The self-regulation system in Australia does not protect children and youth from exposure to alcohol advertising, much of which contains elements appealing to these groups.     

我国磷资源凸显新特点 磷肥行业需冷静对待

磷矿作为化肥及磷化工的主要矿物原料,具有基础原料和农用物资原料的双重属性,同时,磷矿又是不可再生的战略资源.在国民经济中具有重要的地位.介绍我国磷矿资源的特征及通过对矿山开发利用的整治后凸显的新特点,提出磷肥行业认真对待磷资源新特点的几点意见.     

化工工人健康状况及其与工作能力的关系

[目的]调查化工工人健康状况和工作能力,为提高工人的身体健康和工作能力提供依据。[方法]整群抽样选择某地区化工工人1 089名。用工作能力指数量表（W AI）评价工作能力,用问卷和职业健康检查结果相结合的方法对健康状况进行调查。[结果]1 089名化工工人中经医生确诊患有疾病者为508名（46.6%）,其工作能力的总得分和单项得分均低于健康工人（P﹤0.01）,不同性别以及不同劳动类型化工个人的健康得分差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）;随着年龄的增高健康得分呈下降趋势（P﹤0.01）;健康状况得分与工作能力之间存在着密切的相关关系（r=0.529,P﹤0.05）。[结论]化工工人的健康状况不容忽视,改善工作环境,促进身体健康,对提高工人的工作能力有重要作用。     

医疗设备报废的政策研究

本文对医疗设备报废工作中的现实问题进行了分析,并就适当修正医疗设备的报废原则和报废标准提出了具体建议。     

腧穴主治标准化研究的关键问题

本文分析了影响腧穴主治标准化研究的3个关键难题:文献的鉴别与选择、文献的综合利用及腧穴主治的筛选,并通过具体的实例提出了处理这类问题的原则与方法。     

中国制药业发展趋势分析

我国制药企业并购浪朝高涨，药品价格处于下行通道，现代生物技术药挑战化学药地位，非处方药快速发展，化学制剂增长稳定，化学原料药增长趋缓，仿制药、传统中药面临大的发展空间，对制药企业既是机遇也是挑战。现对我国制药业的发展趋势作一分析。     

Update of a study of crude oil production workers 1946-94

OBJECTIVE—To update information on workers in the petroleum industry engaged in the production of crude oil to determine whether the patterns of mortality have changed with 14 additional years of follow up.
METHODS—All workers were employed at company production and pipeline locations sometime during 1946-94. The cohort now consists of 24 124 employees with an average of 22 years of follow up.
RESULTS—The overall mortality, and most cause specific mortalities were lower than or similar to those for the general United States population. For white men (81% of the cohort), there were 4361 observed deaths and 5945 expected, resulting in a significantly lower standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of 73. There were significant deficits for all the leading causes of death in the United States including all cancers, cancer of the lung, stroke, heart disease, respiratory disease, and accidents. Slightly increased mortality was found for cancer of the prostate, cancer of the brain and central nervous system, and cancer of other lymphatic tissue. For benign and unspecified neoplasms, the SMR was 152 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 95 to 230). There was a significant increase for acute myelogenous leukaemia that was restricted to people who were first employed before 1940 and who were employed in production and pipeline jobs for >30 years. Overall mortality patterns for non-white men and women were similar to those for white men. Mortality patterns for white men were also examined by duration of employment, time first employed, and by job group.
CONCLUSIONS—The results of the updated study showed a favourable mortality experience for crude oil production workers compared with the United States population.


Keywords: petroleum industry; occupational cancer; mortality; crude oil