无糖型半夏泻心颗粒制备工艺的研究

目的：优选无糖型半夏泻心颗粒最佳制备工艺。方法以黄芩苷、小檗碱含量和出膏率为指标,应用L 9(34)正交设计和多指标综合评分法优选无糖型半夏泻心颗粒最佳水提取工艺;以成型性、制粒情况为指标,考察辅料、矫味剂的种类和配比。结果最佳提取工艺为黄连用70%乙醇提取后,药渣与处方中其他6味药混合,提取3次,第一次加9倍量水,煎煮1 h,第二次加8倍量水,煎煮1 h,第三次加6倍量水,煎煮0.5 h;最佳的辅料种类和比例为浸膏粉∶糊精∶可溶性淀粉∶甜味素=1∶0.6∶0.2∶0.015,85%乙醇为润湿剂。结论该工艺合理可行,适宜做无糖型半夏泻心颗粒的制备工艺。     

正交试验法优化珠子参总皂苷提取工艺

目的优选珠子参总皂苷的提取工艺,为珠子参中皂苷类化合物的开发利用提供理论依据。方法采用紫外分光光度法建立珠子参中总皂苷含量的测定方法,检测波长540 nm,并通过正交试验考察乙醇浓度、溶剂倍量、提取时间及提取次数对珠子参总皂苷提取工艺的影响。结果珠子参总皂苷的线性范围为0.052~0.182 mg,平均加样回收率为98.64%。珠子参总皂苷最佳提取工艺为加入70%的乙醇10倍量,提取3次,每次提取1 h,平均收率12.32%。结论建立的紫外分光光度法检测珠子参总皂苷含量方法准确可靠,优选的珠子参总皂苷提取工艺简便、稳定可行。     

不同剂量氨溴索对实验性肺不张炎症因子及影像学的影响

目的探讨不同剂量氨溴索（ambroxol,AMB）对实验性肺不张炎症因子及影像学的影响。方法将雄性实验用中国小型猪随机分成肺不张组（M组6只）、AMB处理组（T组18只）及对照组（C组6只）。其中T组又随机分成30、60及90mg/Kg剂量的AMB处理的T30、T60及T90组,每组均为6只。M及T组小型猪的右主支气管下端在纤支镜下置入镍钛合金封堵器,T组小型猪在放入封堵器当天即予相对应的AMB剂量静脉注射,每8h注射1次,每3dCT检查肺部确定肺不张的形成,在肺不张形成后的第3天,3组动物均处死,收集右下肺组织行炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10检测。结果M组和T组呈典型的肺不张CT改变。各组肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10水平的表达差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。与C组比较,M组和T组TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显升高（均P＜0.01）;与M组比较,T组TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显下降（均P＜0.01）;T60组和T90组与T30组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）,但T60组和T90组间无统计学差异。与C组比较,M组和T组IL-10表达显著下降（均P＜0.01）;与M组比较,T组IL-10水平明显升高（均P＜0.01）;但不同治疗剂量3组之间无统计学差异。与C组比较,M组和T组CT值均有显著提高（均P＜0.01）,但M组和T组间CT值无统计学差异;与M组比较,T组肺不张面积显著减小（均P＜0.01）,肺不张占单侧肺面积比T90组明显低于T30组（P＜0.01）,但T30和T60,T60和T90之间并无统计学差异。结论大剂量AMB能抑制实验性肺不张的炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β的表达,提升IL-10的表达,能减小肺不张面积。     

不同层次医务人员对抑郁症和老年期痴呆诊治技术了解情况的调查

目的调查医务人员对抑郁症和老年期痴呆诊治技术了解情况。方法选择浙江省10个地市的医务人员进行《抑郁症和老年期痴呆诊治问卷》调查,共发放问卷527份,回收521份,其中有效问卷512份。结果随着医院等级的提高,两种疾病技术的了解程度逐渐提高,但街道与社区卫生服务的基层医务人员对两种疾病的诊疗技术的了解程度较低（P＜0.01）。在社区卫生服务中心的医务人员不了解的人群远远高于了解的人群,除精神专科医务人员,其他专业的医务人员对抑郁症的精神访谈技术及心理测试技术（包括量表自评及他评）,不了解的人群基本上多于了解的人群（P＜0.01）。老年期痴呆的诊断、评估、治疗、康复管理等技术的医务人员不了解超过了解（P＜0.01）。综合医院和精神专科医院的医务人员对两种疾病的技术了解的人群高于不了解的人群,而在社区卫生服务中心的医务人员不了解的人群远远高于了解的人群（P＜0.01）。随着工作年限的增加,抑郁症识别技术、精神访谈技术、药物治疗、心理治疗技术及康复技术了解的人群要高于不了解的人群（P＜0.05或0.01）。结论基层医务人员作为精神疾病防控、康复的第一线,对相关知识的了解程度令人担忧,应该通过各种方式,把专业知识向基层进行传播。     

Human mesenchymal stem cells at the single-cell level: simultaneous seven-colour immunofluorescence

Extracellular, intracellular or surface proteins can be used as putative markers to characterize human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). However, these markers are also expressed by other cell types and primary cell pools reveal considerable heterogeneity. Therefore, the simultaneous detection of several markers on a single cell appears to be an attractive approach to identify hMSC. Here we demonstrate the specific distinction of human MSC from human osteoblasts via seven-colour fluorescence on the single cell level with simultaneous marker detection of CD44, CD105/endoglin, CD106/VCAM-1, collagen-IV, fibronectin, actin and DAPI nuclear staining. We performed spectral image acquisition using a Sagnac-type interferometer. Subsequent linear unmixing allowed for decomposition of each pixel in its spectral components. Our approach reveals a typical expression profile of the adherent singular cells, allowing the specific distinction between hMSC and osteoblasts on the single cell level.     

Metabolic clues regarding the enhanced performance of elite endurance athletes from orchiectomy-induced hormonal changes

This article examines the metabolic performance of an elite cyclist, Lance Armstrong, before and after his diagnosis with testicular cancer. Although a champion cyclist in 1-day events prior to his diagnosis of testicular cancer at age 25, he was not a contender in multi-day endurance cycle races such as the 3-week Tour de France. His genetic makeup and physiology (high VO2max, long femur, strong heavy build) coupled with his ambition and motivation enabled him at an early age to become one of the best 1-day cyclists in the world. Following his cancer diagnosis, he underwent a unilateral orchiectomy, brain surgery and four cycles of chemotherapy. After recovering, he returned to cycling and surprisingly excelled in the Tour de France, winning this hardest of endurance events 7 years running. This dramatic transformation from a 1-day to a 3-week endurance champion has led many to query how this is possible, and under the current climate, has led to suggestions of doping as to the answer to this metamorphosis. Physiological tests following his recovery indicated that physiological parameters such as VO2max were not affected by the unilateral orchiectomy and chemotherapy. We propose that his dramatic improvement in recovery between stages, the most important factor in winning multi-day stage races, is due to his unilateral orchiectomy, a procedure that results in permanent changes in serum hormones. These hormonal changes, specifically an increase in gonadotropins (and prolactin) required to maintain serum testosterone levels, alter fuel metabolism; increasing hormone sensitive lipase expression and activity, promoting increased free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization to, and utilization by, muscles, thereby decreasing the requirement to expend limiting glycogen stores before, during and after exercise. Such hormonal changes also have been associated with ketone body production, improvements in muscle repair and haematocrit levels and may facilitate the loss of body weight, thereby increasing power to weight ratio. Taken together, these hormonal changes act to limit glycogen utilization, delay fatigue and enhance recovery thereby allowing for optimal performances on a day-to-day basis. These insights provide the foundation for future studies on the endocrinology of exercise metabolism, and suggest that Lance Armstrong's athletic advantage was not due to drug use.     

Practitioner reporting of birth defects in children born following assisted reproductive technology: Does it still have a role in surveillance of birth defects?

BACKGROUND: National assisted reproductive technology (ART) data collections that rely on practitioners' reports of birth defects have consistently reported lower proportions of children with birth defects than record linkage studies that link ART infants to birth and malformation registers. METHODS: We compared the birth defect data reported to the national Australian Assisted Conception Data Collection (ACDC) by practitioners at three Western Australian ART clinics with the birth defect data identified on the Western Australian Birth Defects Registry (WABDR) through record linkage of all the pregnancies conceived at these clinics to the WABDR. Cases are reported to the WABDR by multiple statutory and voluntary sources. RESULTS: We found that the national ACDC significantly underestimated the prevalence of birth defects in WA-born ART infants. Less than one-third of ART children identified with a major birth defect on the WABDR were reported to the ACDC. CONCLUSIONS: Although national ART data collections provide valuable information on pregnancy rates and short-term pregnancy outcomes such as multiple birth and birth weight, we strongly recommend that birth defect information used for patient counselling is preferentially drawn from large studies that have used record linkage to high-quality birth defect registers.     

Personal Digital Assistants are Comparable to Traditional Diaries for Dietary Self-Monitoring During a Weight Loss Program

Dietary self-monitoring is considered the core of behavioral weight control programs. As software for personal digital assistants (PDA) has become more available, this study investigated whether the use of a PDA would improve dietary self-monitoring frequency and subsequent weight loss over the use of traditional paper diaries. One-hundred-seventy-six adults (BMI 25–39.9) participated in a 6-month behavioral weight control program. Treatment subjects (n = 61) were provided with a PalmZire 21 with Calorie King’s Diet Diary software installed. Their self-monitoring habits and weight loss were compared with the results from a previous program (n = 115) which followed the same protocol using paper diaries for self-monitoring. No significant differences in weight loss or dietary self-monitoring were found. More frequent self-monitoring correlated with weight loss in both groups (p<.001). People seeking to lose weight should be encouraged to self-monitor and be matched with a mode of self-monitoring that is fitting to their lifestyle and skills.     

Relations among multiple peer influences, body dissatisfaction, eating disturbance, and self-esteem: a comparison of average weight, at risk of overweight, and overweight adolescent girls

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate peer-related influences on appearance, body dissatisfaction, eating disturbance, and self-esteem in average weight, at risk of overweight, and overweight adolescent girls. METHODS: Three hundred twenty-five adolescent girls from high schools in Florida were assessed. Ninety met criteria for being at risk of overweight or overweight. Logistic and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate group differences on all variables and to assess the amount of variance accounted for by peer-influence variables in the prediction of body dissatisfaction, eating disturbance, and self-esteem. RESULTS: Overweight and at risk of overweight girls scored higher than average weight girls on body dissatisfaction, dieting, and a peer measure that assessed negative comments and attributions about appearance. They also scored lower than average weight girls on self-report measures that assessed conversations about appearance and anti-dieting advice. How influential friends were in determining one's body image was a unique predictor of body dissatisfaction but only for the overweight and at risk of overweight group. CONCLUSIONS: Possible implications for clinical intervention programs are discussed along with directions for future research.     

Improved early stroke detection: wavelet-based perception enhancement of computerized tomography exams

Nonenhanced computerized tomography (CT) exams were used to detect acute stroke by notification of hypodense area. Infarction perception improvement by data denoising and local contrast enhancement in multi-scale domain was proposed. The wavelet-based image processing method enhanced the subtlest signs of hypodensity, which were often invisible in standard CT scan review. Thus improved detection efficiency of perceptual ischemic changes was investigated. Data processing became more effective by initial segmentation of brain tissue and extraction of regions susceptible to tissue density changes. The new method was experimentally verified. Sensitivity of stroke diagnosis increased to 56.3% in comparison to 12.5% of standard CT scan preview.