维持性血液透析患者高钾血症的影响因素

目的探讨导致维持性血液透析患者高钾血症的相关因素。方法以102例维持性血液透析患者为研究对象。常规检测透析前、后血清钾,透析前血钠,血糖,二氧化碳结合力等,应用放射免疫法检测患者清晨透析前平卧位血清醛固酮浓度,记录应用药物血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素受体阻断剂、β受体阻断剂等和残尿量,糖尿病史等情况。用Pearson相关分析及Logistic回归法分析各参数关系。结果102例患者中有36例发生高钾血症。Pearson相关分析显示维持性血液透析与患者高钾血症与饮食钾摄入量相关(r=0.66,P=0.000),与血清醛固酮水平、应用肾素血管紧张素系统阻断剂、糖尿病史无相关性。Logistic回归分析结果显示,饮食钾摄入量是维持性血透患者高钾血症的独立影响因素。结论高钾饮食是引发血液透析患者高钾血症的独立影响因素。     

Antenatal steroid treatment prevents severe hyperkalemia in very low-birthweight infants*

BACKGROUND: Hyperkalemia is seen quite often in very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants and concentrations sometimes become high enough to cause cardiac arrhythmia. The purpose of the present study was to identify factors that increase serum concentrations of potassium in VLBW infants. METHODS: Retrospective comparative analysis was performed on 140 VLBW infants who had been admitted to the Toho University Perinatal Center between January 1993 and December 1999 and needed mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress. Serum concentrations of potassium at 24 and 48 h of age were compared in two groups of infants, those whose mothers did and did not receive antenatal steroid treatment. Risk factors for severe hyperkalemia were analyzed by multiple linear regression models and Pearson's partial correlation analysis. RESULTS: Antenatal steroid treatment reduced serum potassium concentrations significantly at 24 and 48 h, as well as the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia and necessity for glucose insulin treatment for severe hyperkalemia. Multiple linear regression showed the serum potassium concentration at 24 h of age was associated with antenatal steroid hormone treatment, 24 h fluid intake volume, serum sodium concentrations at 24 h, gestational weeks and sampling site. Serum concentration of potassium at 48 h of age was associated with blood urea nitrogen, gestational week, serum sodium concentration at 48 h of age and fluid intake between 24 and 48 h of age. Urine output volume and serum creatinine concentrations were not correlated with potassium concentrations at either age. CONCLUSION: Antenatal steroid hormone treatment can reduce early hyperkalemia in VLBW infants and also the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia and the use of glucose insulin treatment.     

Intractable hyperkalemia due to nicorandil induced potassium channel syndrome

Nicorandil is a commonly used antianginal agent, which has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium (K_ATP) channel activator properties. Activation of potassium channels by nicorandil causes expulsion of potassium ions into the extracellular space leading to membrane hyperpolarization, closure of voltage-gated calcium channels and finally vasodilatation. However, on the other hand, being an activator of K_ATP channel, it can expel K⁺ ions out of the cells and can cause hyperkalemia. Here, we report a case of nicorandil induced hyperkalemia unresponsive to medical treatment in a patient with diabetic nephropathy.     

Hyperkalemia in the elderly

Objective

To review the pathophysiology underlying the predisposition to hyperkalemia in the elderly; the medications that disrupt potassium balance and promote the development of hyperkalemia in the elderly; the prevention of hyperkalemia in elderly patients treated with potassium-altering medications; and the appropriate management of hyperkalemia when it develops.

Methods and main results

A MEDLINE search of the literature (1966–1996) using the terms hyperkalemia, drugs, elderly, and treatment was conducted and pertinent review articles, textbooks, and personal files were consulted. Elderly subjects appear to be predisposed to the development of hyperkalemia on the basis of both innate disturbances in potassium homeostasis and comorbid disease processes that impair potassium handling. Hyperkalemia in the elderly is most often precipitated by medications that impair cellular uptake or renal disposal of potassium. This electrolyte disorder is best prevented by recognition of at-risk physiology in the aged, avoidance of therapy with certain high-risk medications, and monitoring of plasma potassium concentration and renal function at intervals appropriate for the medication prescribed. Management of hyperkalemia entails identification of the clinical manifestations of severe hyperkalemia, stabilization of cardiac tissue, promotion of cellular potassium uptake, and ultimately removal of potassium from the body.

Conclusions

Geriatric patients should be considered at risk of developing hyperkalemia, especially when they are prescribed certain medications. Potassium levels should be monitored at appropriate intervals when these patients are treated with potassium-altering medications. Appropriate management of hyperkalemia in the elderly can avoid life-threatening neuromuscular and cardiac complications.     

Evaluation of the potassium adsorption capacity of a potassium adsorption filter during rapid blood transfusion

The concentration of extracellular potassium in red blood cell concentrates (RCCs) increases during storage, leading to risk of hyperkalemia. A potassium adsorption filter (PAF) can eliminate the potassium at normal blood transfusion. This study aimed to investigate the potassium adsorption capacity of a PAF during rapid blood transfusion. We tested several different potassium concentrations under a rapid transfusion condition using a pressure bag. The adsorption rates of the 70‐mEq/l model were 76·8%. The PAF showed good potassium adsorption capacity, suggesting that this filter may provide a convenient method to prevent hyperkalemia during rapid blood transfusion.     

Do Hemolyzed Potassium Specimens Need to be Repeated?

Background

In the emergency department (ED), hyperkalemia in the presence of hemolysis is common. Elevated hemolyzed potassium levels are often repeated by emergency physicians to confirm pseudohyperkalemia and to exclude a life-threatening true hyperkalemia.

Objectives

We hypothesize that in patients with a normal renal function, elevated hemolyzed potassium, and normal electrocardiogram (ECG), there may not be a need for further treatment or repeat testing and increased length of stay.

Methods

Data were prospectively enrolled patients presenting to the ED from July 2011 to February 2012. All adult subjects who had a hemolyzed potassium level ≥ 5.5 mEq/dL underwent a repeat potassium level and ECG. The incidence of true hyperkalemia in this population was measured.

Results

A total of 45 patients were enrolled. The overall median age was 52 years (range 25–83 years); 22 were female (49%). In patients with hyperkalemia on initial blood draw and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 60 (n = 45), the negative predictive value was 97.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 88.2–99.9%). When patients had hyperkalemia on initial blood draw, GFR ≥ 60, and a normal ECG (n = 42), the negative predictive value was 100% (95% CI 93.1–100%).

Conclusions

In the setting of hemolysis, GFR ≥ 60 mL/min in conjunction with a normal ECG is a reliable predictor of pseudohyperkalemia and may eliminate the need for repeat testing. In patients with a normal GFR who are otherwise deemed safe for discharge, our results indicate there is no need for repeat testing.     

Crush Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background

Crush trauma to the extremities, even if not involving vital organs, can be life threatening. Crush syndrome, the systemic manifestation of the breakdown of muscle cells with release of contents into the circulation, leads to metabolic derangement and acute kidney injury. Although common in disaster scenarios, emergency physicians also see the syndrome in patients after motor-vehicle collisions and patients “found down” due to intoxication.

Objective

The objectives of this review are to discuss the pathophysiology of crush syndrome, report on prehospital and emergency department treatment, and discuss the relationship between crush syndrome and compartment syndrome.

Discussion

We present the case of a young man found down after an episode of intoxication, with compartment syndrome of his lower extremity and crush syndrome. Although he eventually required an amputation, aggressive fluid resuscitation prevented further kidney injury and metabolic derangement.

Conclusions

Early, aggressive resuscitation in the prehospital setting, before extrication if possible, is recommended to reduce the complications of crush syndrome. Providers must be aware of the risk of hyperkalemia shortly after extrication. Ongoing resuscitation with i.v. fluids is the mainstay of treatment. Compartment syndrome is a common complication, and prompt fasciotomies should be performed when compartment syndrome is present.     

血液透析患者高钾血症季节分布特征研究北大核心CSCD

目的分析血液透析患者高钾血症的发生率及其季节分布特征和不同检测次数的高钾检出率,为高钾血症的防治及研究提供重要参考依据。方法纳入四川省2018年至2020年血液透析患者资料,以血钾≥5.0 mmol/L定义为高钾血症,计算高钾血症发生率及时间分布特征。结果(1)共纳入6618例至少有一次血钾检测记录的患者,包含24885次血钾结果,高钾血症发生率为28.2%。(2)第一至第四季度高钾血症发生率分别为30.9%、29.2%、23.7%、28.6%。(3)血钾检测次数越多,高钾血症检出率越高。结论血液透析患者高钾血症发生率较高,存在季节差异,增加检测频率可以显著增加高钾血症患者检出率。     

Synergistic Effect of Acidosis and Succinylcholine-Induced Hyperkalemia in Spinal Cord Transected Rats

The effects of spinal cord transection and acidosis on succinylcholine (SCC)-induced hyperkalemia were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. The effectiveness of pretreatment with subparalyzing doses ("self-taming") of SCC or with the cholinesterase inhibitor hexafluorenium bromide in preventing hyperkalemia was also studied. The increase in plasma potassium after administration of SCC (1 mg/kg) was found to be significantly increased 10 days after spinal cord transection. This potassium increase could not be prevented by pretreatment with either hexafluorenium (0.3 mg/kg) or subparalyzing doses (0.15 mg/kg) of SCC. Respiratory acidosis caused an increase in plasma K+ in both normal and in spinal cord transected rats. Acidosis had a synergistic effect on succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia. These findings support the clinical practice of not using succinylcholine in patients at risk of having a pathological sensitivity to SCC. Furthermore, SCC may be especially dangerous when administered to patients who are acidotic.