下丘脑弓状核微量注射NMDA受体拮抗剂和蛋白激酶抑制剂对神经病理性痛觉过敏的抑制作用

目的观察大鼠下丘脑弓状核（ARC）内微量注射NMDA受体拮抗剂及受体后蛋白激酶抑制剂对神经病理性痛觉过敏的影响,探索脊髓上水平痛觉过敏的中枢敏感化机制。方法建立大鼠坐骨神经部分结扎（PSL）神经病理性疼痛模型,采用压爪缩腿法和辐射热缩腿法测定大鼠的机械痛阈和热痛阈,观测ARC内微量注射MK801（NMDA受体非竞争性拮抗剂）、APV（NMDA受体竞争性拮抗剂）、PP2（Src家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂）、GF109203X（蛋白激酶C抑制剂）后70min内PSL模型大鼠痛阈的变化。结果 PSL模型大鼠术后数小时痛阈即明显降低（P〈0.05）,出现机械痛敏和热痛敏。ARC内微量注射MK801（5nmol）、APV（1.5nmol）后,大鼠机械痛阈和热痛阈明显升高,痛敏现象明显减轻（P〈0.05）;ARC内注射PP2（5nmol）、GF109203X（0.04nmol）后,痛阈升高幅度更大,痛敏现象也明显减轻（P〈0.05）。结论下丘脑弓状核内的NMDA受体及受体后蛋白酪氨酸激酶、蛋白激酶C在痛觉过敏的脊髓上中枢敏感化的形成和维持过程中可能起重要的作用。     

髓核对背根节的损伤以及与痛觉过敏的关系

目的 观念髓核组织对背根节(DRG)的损伤作用，探讨这种损伤作用与痛觉过敏之间的关系。方法 从鼠尾椎间盘取髓核组织移植到神经根，使用神经行为学的方法观测痛觉过敏，大体、光镜和电镜相结合观测组织学改变。结果 术后实验侧后肢出现明显的痈觉过敏，并义术后1周最明显；组织学观察发现髓核组织使DRG出现水肿、炎细胞浸润，DRG神经元出现溶酶体增多、线粒体肿胀等损伤表现，术后1周表现最明显。结论 髓核组织对DRG有炎性损伤作用，此损伤作用与痛觉过敏可能存在联系。     

Current perspectives on the modulation of thermo-TRP channels: new advances and therapeutic implications

The thermo transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, a recently discovered family of ion channels activated by temperature, are expressed in primary sensory nerve terminals, where they provide information regarding thermal changes in the environment. Six thermo-TRPs have been characterized to date: TRPV1–4, which respond to different levels of warmth and heat, and TRPM8 and TRPA1, which respond to cool temperatures. We review the current state of knowledge of thermo-TRPs, and of the modulation of their thermal thresholds by a range of inflammatory mediators. Blockers of these channels are likely to have therapeutic uses as novel analgesics but may also cause unacceptable side effects. Controlling the modulation of thermo-TRPs by inflammatory mediators may be a useful alternative strategy in developing novel analgesics.     

胍丁胺抑制炎性疼痛诱导脊髓磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶表达上调

目的:观察胍丁胺对福尔马林致炎性疼痛的镇痛作用,并研究其镇痛作用是否与影响脊髓磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase,pERK)表达有关。方法:雄性SD大鼠,180～220g,随机分为生理盐水对照组、福尔马林组和胍丁胺160mg/kg组,每组20只。每组12只右侧足底皮下注射5%的福尔马林50μL致痛,每5min为一个时间段,测定60min内大鼠的痛级均数。另外每组8只足底注射福尔马林后8min取L4,5脊髓,用免疫组化法检测各组脊髓切片中pERK的表达情况。结果:大鼠单侧足底注射5%福尔马林50μL后出现明显的两期伤害性行为反应。胍丁胺对福尔马林引起的疼痛反应有明显的镇痛作用,且能抑制福尔马林引起的痛觉过敏。福尔马林对大鼠单侧足底注射8min后,引起注射侧L4,5脊髓背角pERK表达量升高,160mg/kg胍丁胺(i.p.)明显抑制福尔马林引起的pERK表达量的升高。结论:胍丁胺对福尔马林引起的疼痛及痛觉过敏行为有明确的抑制作用,炎性疼痛引起脊髓pERK蛋白表达升高可能参与疼痛及痛觉过敏的形成,pERK可能参与了胍丁胺镇痛机制。     

布比卡因抑制大鼠热痛过敏行为的实验观察

目的研究神经损伤即刻给予布比卡因对热痛过敏症状产生的抑制作用。方法将CCI(慢性压迫性损伤)模型大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组。实验组在坐骨神经轻度结扎后即刻于神经损伤区周围包埋布比卡因粉剂或胶溶剂,而对照组不给药。观察两组大鼠在行为学和电生理学上的差异。结果①行为学测定:实验组大鼠始终未出现热痛过敏症状,而对照组大鼠出现了持续的热痛过敏症状。②电生理实验:实验组大鼠坐骨神经中枢端的神经纤维自发放电百分数显著低于对照组。结论神经损伤后即刻在损伤区给予布比卡因可有效预防热痛过敏症状的产生。     

脊髓小胶质细胞激活对SNI模型大鼠神经病理性疼痛的影响

目的观察小胶质细胞对大鼠坐骨神经分支选择性损伤(SNI)所致神经病理性疼痛的影响。方法选择雄性SD大鼠64只,随机分为4组(n=16):假手术组(Sh组);模型组(SNI组);模型 米诺环素40mg/kg组(Mb组);模型 米诺环素10mg/kg组(Ms组)。其中Mb和Ms组从造模前1d起连续7d每日2次腹腔注射相应剂量的米诺环素。分别记录全组动物在术前1d及术后1,3,5,7,14d的机械缩足反射阈值(MWT)和热缩足反射持续时间(TWD)作为大鼠疼痛行为学指标;各组大鼠分别在术后1,3,5,7,14d随机选取4只处死,取脊髓,用免疫荧光的方法检测脊髓小胶质细胞标志物OX-42的表达。结果SNI组从术后1d起即出现明显MWT降低和TWD延长,与术前及Sh组术后各时点比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05);Mb组和Ms组与SNI组相应时点比较MWT降低和TWD延长程度有显著性差异(P<0.05);Mb与Ms组比较MWT降低和TWD延长程度有统计学差异(P<0.05);Mb、Ms组与SNI组比较脊髓OX-42的表达减少,并呈剂量依赖性。结论米诺环素腹腔注射可剂量依赖性的减少OX-42的表达,抑制脊髓小胶质细胞的激活,减轻痛觉超敏和痛觉过敏,提示小胶质细胞的活化参与SNI神经病理痛的形成。     

应用Walker-256细胞建立大鼠骨癌痛模型

目的:应用Walker-256细胞建立大鼠骨癌痛模型。方法:将4×104个W256癌细胞注入SD大鼠胫骨上段骨髓腔内,利用大鼠热板法和足跖加压法分别测量热刺激和机械刺激痛阈的变化,X线摄片进行放射学评估骨质破坏程度,同时,组织切片HE染色观察肿瘤生长和骨结构的破坏情况。结果:造模动物在12天左右开始出现热刺激和机械刺激痛阈明显下降(痛觉过敏),并呈渐进性发展;胫骨X线摄片显示14天即有明显的骨破坏,第21天时出现病理性骨折;组织切片显示骨髓腔内肿瘤生长活跃,向外侵蚀破坏骨皮质。结论:从疼痛行为学、放射学、组织学等方面的研究结果显示,应用Walker-256细胞成功建立了大鼠骨癌痛模型。     

SYM 2081, an agonist that desensitizes kainate receptors,attenuates capsaicin and inflammatory hyperalgesia

Excitatory amino acids acting at non-NMDA receptors contribute to transmission of nociceptive information. SYM 2081 ((2S,4R)-4-methyl glutamic acid) desensitizes kainate receptors, one subtype of non-NMDA receptors, to subsequent release of excitatory amino acids and thus may attenuate transmission of nociceptive information. To determine if SYM 2081 can prevent development of hyperalgesia, SYM 2081 (10, 50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered prior to injection of capsaicin into the hindpaw of rats, which produces mechanical and heat hyperalgesia. To determine if SYM 2081 can reduce ongoing inflammatory hyperalgesia, SYM 2081 (10 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered after development of carrageenan-evoked hyperalgesia. Intraplantar injection of capsaicin produced an increase in hindpaw withdrawal frequency to mechanical stimuli (from 4+/-2 to 41+/-7%; mean+/-S.E.M.) and a decrease in withdrawal latency to heat (from 12.3+/-0.3 to 5.9+/-0.4 s) in rats that received vehicle. In contrast, rats that received SYM 2081 (100 mg/kg) prior to injection of capsaicin exhibited a lower hindpaw withdrawal frequency (18+/-4%) and a longer withdrawal latency (7.7+/-0.5 s). Intrathecal (1-100 microg/5 microl), but not intraplantar (10 or 100 microg/50 microl), injection of SYM 2081 attenuated the development of capsaicin-evoked heat hyperalgesia suggesting that SYM 2081's antihyperalgesic effects were due to its central effects. Furthermore, SYM 2081 completely reversed ongoing carrageenan-evoked mechanical hyperalgesia and partially (approximately 50%) reversed ongoing heat hyperalgesia. The present study demonstrates that administration of a high-potency ligand that selectively desensitizes kainate receptors attenuates the development of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia and attenuates ongoing inflammatory hyperalgesia.     

Effect of lumbar 5 ventral root transection on pain behaviors: a novel rat model for neuropathic pain without axotomy of primary sensory neurons

A peripheral nerve injury often causes neuropathic pain but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Several established animal models of peripheral neuropathic pain have greatly advanced our understanding of the diverse mechanisms of neuropathic pain. A common feature of these models is primary sensory neuron injury and the commingle of intact axons with degenerating axons in the sciatic nerve. Here we investigated whether neuropathic pain could be induced without sensory neuron injury following exposure of their peripheral axons to the milieu of Wallerian degeneration. We developed a unilateral lumbar 5 ventral root transection (L5 VRT) model in adult rats, in which L5 ventral root fibers entering the sciatic nerve were sectioned in the spinal canal. This model differs from previous ones in that DRG neurons and their afferents are kept uninjured and intact afferents expose to products of degenerating efferent ventral root fibers in the sciatic nerve and the denervated muscles. We found that the L5 VRT produced rapid (24 h after transection), robust and prolonged (56 days) bilateral mechanical allodynia, to a similar extent to that in rats with L5 spinal nerve transection (L5 SNT), cold allodynia and short-term thermal hyperalgesia (14 days). Furthermore, L5 VRT led to significant inflammation as demonstrated by infiltration of ED-1-positive monocytes/macrophages in the DRG, sciatic nerve and muscle fibers. These findings demonstrated that L5 VRT produced behavioral signs of neuropathic pain with high mechanical sensitivity and thermal responsiveness, and suggested that neuropathic pain can be induced without damage to sensory neurons. We propose that neuropathic pain in this model may be mediated by primed intact sensory neurons, which run through the milieu of Wallerian degeneration and inflammation after nerve injury. The L5 VRT model manifests the complex regional pain syndrome in some human patients, and it may provide an additional dimension to dissect out the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain.