Early peristalsis following epidural analgesia during abdominal surgery in an extremely low birth weight infant

The inhibiting effect of opioids on intestinal motility is a cause of particular concern in extremely low birth weight (ELBW; birth weight <1000 g) infants with decreased peristalsis. An ELBW infant (birth weight 740 g) born after 26 + 1 week of gestation had an uneventful clinical course during the first few days of life. Sudden deterioration occurred on day 8 with metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia and frequent apnea with secondary bradycardia. A chest X ray demonstrated the presence of air beneath the diaphragm. Intestinal perforation was suspected and the infant was taken to theater for laparotomy. For pain management, a 22 G epidural catheter was inserted via the caudal approach and threaded to a mid-thoracic level. Epidural ropivacaine was administered intraoperatively and for 48 h postoperatively. The infant was extubated on the following day. Opioids were not required or given at any stage during or after surgery. Peristalsis was present on auscultation as early as 3 h after surgery, the first stool was passed on the same day. Enteral nutrition was resumed early and tolerated well, full enteral feeding was rapidly achieved. Our case shows that the technique of caudal anesthesia is feasible in ELBW infants. We speculate that intestinal motility and establishment of full enteral feedings may be achieved earlier by epidural ropivacaine in cases of abdominal surgery in ELBW infants.     

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??Objective    To evaluate the efficacy of ropivacaine in extraction of mandibular impacted third molar. Methods    In this study 150 healthy patients who need to extract one mandibular impacted third molar were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was given 0.75% ropivacaine to get anesthesia??while the control group received 2% lidocaine. The time to onset and duration of action were noted. The visual analogue score??VAS??was recorded 30 min and 4 h after extraction. The rate of taking pain relieving drugs was noted. Blood pressure and pulse were monitored during the operation. Monitor the anesthetic complications and compare the anesthetic effect of the two drugs. Results               Ropivacaine had a significantly shorter onset and longer duration of oral anesthesia than lidocaine??P??0.05??. The experimental group had lower VAS 30 min and 4 h after operation??P??0.05??and fewer patients needed pain relieving drugs than the control group??P??0.05??. There was a slight decrease of the pulse in the experimental group 30 min postoperatively??P??0.05??. The pulse and blood pressure in the control group and the blood pressure in the experimental group had no obvious change. There was no complications in both groups. Conclusion    Ropivacaine may be suitable for time-consuming oral procedures because of its short onset??long duation??prolonged postoperative analgesia and minimal cardiovascular risk.     

Premixed solutions of diamorphine in ropivacaine for epidural anaesthesia: a study on their long-term stability

Background. Local anaesthetics and opioid mixtures are commonlyused to provide anaesthesia or analgesia during the perioperativeperiod. In order to facilitate their preparation and storageit is necessary to establish the stability of such solutions. Methods. In our study, diamorphine was added to ropivacaine0.2% 200-ml polybags to give a concentration of 25 µg ml^–1and to ropivacaine 1% 50-ml syringes to give a concentrationof 45 µg ml^–1. The polybags and syringeswere stored at 40°C, 21°C and 4°C for up to 120days. Samples were taken during this period for measurementof diamorphine and ropivacaine content and pH of the solutions. Results. We found that the storage temperature and the initialconcentration influenced the rate of degradation of diamorphinein both the polybags and the syringes. In the syringes, 10%degradation of diamorphine [T (0.9)] was: 6 days at 40°C,16 days at 21°C and 30 days at 4°C. In the polybags,diamorphine T (0.9) was 6 days at 40°C, 28 days at 21°Cand 70 days at 4°C. Conclusions. It is feasible to manufacture such solutions inpharmacy aseptic units and to store them for up to 1 month forroutine use in epidural infusions. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 179–82     

超前镇痛对全髋置换患者的应激反应及术后疼痛的影响

目的:观察超前硬膜外镇痛用于全髋置换患者的临床效果及对血中儿茶酚胺的影响。方法:选择40例拟行全髋置换的患者,随机分为超前镇痛组和对照组,每组20例。术前12h开始镇痛,实验组硬膜外导管输入0.2%罗哌卡因5ml/h;对照组输注0.9%的生理盐水。采用硬膜外麻醉,术毕开始硬膜外PCEA+PCA,药物为0.2%罗哌卡因5mg/h。记录局麻药用量、PCA的按压次数。采用100mm视觉模拟积分法,记录放置硬膜外管前、到手术室后、术毕、术后1、2、3、6、9、12、24h的VAS评分。用高效液相色谱法测定血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、多巴胺(D)。结果:超前组和对照组在术后的罗哌卡因用量分别为288.13±38.20mg,384.67±67.44mg,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。对照组的PCA按压次数和杜冷丁的应用明显多于超前镇痛组。两组患者NE、E、DA在术毕显著高于术前(P<0.01),术后24h超前组NE、E显著低于对照组。两组均没有发生明显的局麻药毒副作用。结论:超前硬膜外镇痛用于全髋置换患者效果良好,且能有效抑制术后疼痛所致的应激反应。超前镇痛的时间选择应当引起关注。     

左旋布比卡因、罗哌卡因和布比卡因术后硬膜外镇痛的临床效应比较

目的:比较左旋布比卡因(LBVP)、罗哌卡因(ROP)和布比卡因(BUP)用于开腹妇科手术后持续硬膜外输注镇痛的临床效应。方法:90例择期妇科手术病人随机分为LBUP组、ROP组和BUP组,每组30例。手术结束采用持续硬膜外输注镇痛,LBUP组采用0.15%左旋布比卡因加吗啡0.1mg/ml,ROP组采用0.2%罗哌卡因加吗啡0.1mg/ml,BUP组采用0.15%布比卡因加吗啡0.1mg/ml,输注速度均为2ml/h。观察术后48h内的VAS疼痛评分、患者对镇痛治疗总体印象评分、改良Bromage评分、术后活动能力及不良反应的发生情况。结果:三组病人在术后5个时段VAS疼痛评分、镇痛结束时对疼痛的总体评估、镇痛后4h改良Bromage评分及不良反应发生情况,各组间比较并无显著性差异(P>0.05);镇痛8h后LBUP组及BUP组分别有2例病人Bromage评分为2,至镇痛后16h恢复;术后24hROP组有21例(70%)的病人可以短时间行走,而LBUP组及BUP组分别只有12例(40%)及11例(36.7%),有显著性差异(χ2=5.45,χ2=4.34,P<0.05)。结论:0.15%左旋布比卡因、0.2%罗哌卡因与0.15%布比卡因用于开腹妇科手术后持续硬膜外输注镇痛,均可获得满意的镇痛效果,但0.2%罗哌卡因较0.15%左旋布比卡因及0.15%布比卡因术后活动能力恢复早。     

沐舒坦对吸入性肺损伤大鼠的肺保护作用

目的评价预先使用药物沐舒坦对稀盐酸吸入性肺损伤是否具有保护作用,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法30只健康SD大鼠随机分成3组:A组为生理盐水吸入组;B组为稀盐酸吸入组;C组为稀盐酸吸入加沐舒坦处理组。C组预先以50mg/kg沐舒坦腹腔注射,每日1次,连续3d;A、B两组则以腹腔注射等体积生理盐水代替。第3d腹腔注射沐舒坦或生理盐水30min后,A组以1.2ml/kg(pH5.3)的生理盐水经气管内注入造成非盐酸吸入肺损伤作为对照;B、C组则以1.2ml/kg(pH1.25)的盐酸加生理盐水混合液经气管内注入制备盐酸吸入性肺损伤模型。观察盐酸注入5h后大鼠动脉血气、肺湿/干重比(W/D)以及光镜下肺组织病理改变及肺损伤评分。结果1B、C组动脉血氧分压(PaO2)在盐酸吸入5h时比A组明显降低,B组又低于C组,组间比较差异均有显著性(P均<0.01);但pH和动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)在3组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。23组W/D由低到高依次为A组、C组和B组,组间比较差异均有显著性(P均<0.01)。3光镜下组织病理学观察发现,B组肺损伤最为严重,而C组损伤比B组要轻;肺损伤程度评分A组最低,C组较B组低,3组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论沐舒坦能减轻稀盐酸吸入所引起弥漫性肺损伤。     

0．75％罗哌卡因用于小儿蛛网膜下腔阻滞中的临床研究

目的探讨0．75％罗哌卡因用于小儿蛛网膜下腔阻滞的合适剂量。方法选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期手术的小儿患者60例．随机分为三组，每组20例。A组0．75％罗哌卡因2ml（按每厘米椎管长0．15mg给药）、B组0．75％罗哌卡因2ml（按每厘米椎管长0．3mg给药）、C组0．5％布比卡因2ml（按每厘米椎管长0．15mg给药）。用药后观察最高感觉阻滞平面等蛛网膜下腔阻滞运动和感觉参数、监测不同时间段的MAP、HR值和不良反应和并发症。结果A组最高阻滞平面、T10感觉平面阻滞持续时间、平面固定时间、运动起效时间、运动恢复时间，与C组比较，差异有统计学意义（F分别=0．16、7．03、0．57、19．23、1．17，P均〈0．05），与B组比较，差异有统计学意义（F分别=0．21、6．78、0．78、17．98、1．23，P均〈0．05）；A组下肢运动阻滞程度弱于C组，差异有统计学意义（x^2分别=40．83、21．16、10．42，P均〈0．05），与B组比较，差异有统计学意义（x^2分别=36．01、21．16、9．60，P均〈0．05）：B组运动恢复快于C组，差异有统计学意义（F=1．23，P〈0．05）；B组感觉阻滞起效时间与A组、C组比较，差异无统计学意义（F分别=4．13、4．54，P均〉0．05）。结论0．75％罗哌卡因每厘米椎长0．3mg用于小儿脊麻能达到安全麻醉：而0．75％罗哌卡因每厘米椎长0．15mg用于小儿脊麻，运动、感觉阻滞较布比卡因差。     

两种稳定性二氧化氯消毒剂对水的消毒效果观察

为了解两种不同配方二氧化氯消毒剂对水的消毒效果 ,采用滤膜抽滤法对其进行了试验观察。结果 ,以盐酸激活的BF二氧化氯使用剂量为 2mg/L作用 15min ,以柠檬酸激活的QF二氧化氯使用剂量为 4mg/L作用 10min ,均可使实验室污染水样和天然水样中大肠杆菌的杀灭率达 10 0 %。结论 ,BF消毒剂和QF消毒剂均对水中大肠杆菌有较好的杀灭效果 ,但前者二氧化氯用量比后者要低一倍。     

罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛120例分析

目的：评价罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果及安全性。方法：选择无阴道分娩禁忌证自愿要求镇痛分娩的初产妇120例作为观察组，未要求镇痛分娩的186例作为对照组，比较两组产妇的镇痛效果、分娩结局、产程时间、催产素的使用率、产后出血量及新生儿结局。结果：观察组镇痛效果明显，活跃期短。顺产率高（P〈0．01），而催产素使用率、器械助产率、产后出血量、新生儿结局两组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛效果确切，降低了剖宫产率，缩短了产程，新生儿结局好，是一种安全有效的分娩镇痛方法。     

潜伏期分娩镇痛对产妇泌乳的影响

目的研究潜伏期分娩镇痛的效果及对产妇泌乳的影响。方法 90例无产科并发症及硬膜外穿刺禁忌证的单胎足月初产妇,随机分为3组。潜伏期镇痛组当进入产程、宫颈口〈3 cm时进行硬膜外镇痛;活跃期镇痛组当宫颈口≥3 cm时进行硬膜外镇痛;对照组不用任何镇痛措施。结果各组间产程时间、中转剖宫产率、器械助产率、产后出血量及新生儿Apgar评分比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;潜伏期镇痛组第一产程潜伏期VAS评分与活跃期镇痛组及对照组比较差异有显著性（F=78.6,q=9.89、15.63,P〈0.01）;潜伏期镇痛组及活跃期镇痛组第一产程活跃期与第二产程VAS评分与对照组比较差异有显著性（F=80.2、126.3,q=12.36～18.32,P〈0.01）。各组产妇血清泌乳素水平均较产前明显增高（t=2.47～5.07,P〈0.01）,潜伏期镇痛组产妇产后24 h的血清泌乳素水平高于活跃期镇痛组及对照组（t=2.48、4.51,P〈0.01）;潜伏期镇痛组产妇产后泌乳始动时间短,与活跃期镇痛组及对照组比较差异有显著性（t=3.46、3.84,P〈0.01）。结论罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼潜伏期硬膜外分娩镇痛安全有效,可促进泌乳素分泌,有利于母乳喂养。