人食管癌组织中热休克蛋白70和糖调节蛋白94的表达

为探讨人食管癌组织中热休克蛋白 70 (HSP70 )和糖调节蛋白 94( grp94)的表达及意义 ,采用SABC法检测人食管癌组织HSP70和grp94的表达 ,镜下观察HSP70和 grp94在癌组织及癌旁组织中的表达特点。结果 :92 .6%( 5 0 /5 4)食管癌组织中存在HSP70的表达 ,癌细胞存在胞质、胞核表达强度及部位的差异 ;而 grp94的表达阳性率为70 .4% ( 3 8/5 4) ,以胞质表达为主 ,而癌旁组织表达较少。提示 :人食管癌组织存在HSP70和 grp94的表达异质性 ,呈现了胞质、胞核的表达差异 ,HSP70和 grp94在人食管癌组织的表达特点为以后肿瘤抗原肽肿瘤疫苗的提取和实验奠定了基础。     

Stimulation of nerve growth factor and substance P expression in the iris–trigeminal axis of diabetic rats—involvement of oxidative stress and effects of aldose reductase inhibition

In rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, we measured increased (by 61%; P<0.05) mRNA for nerve growth factor (NGF) in the iris together with increased (by 82%; P<0.05) mRNA for preprotachykinin (the substance P precursor) in the trigeminal ganglion, suggesting that increased NGF was driving increased substance P gene expression. In other diabetic rats, these changes were prevented by treatment with either an antioxidant (butylated hydroxytoluene; 1% by diet) or an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) (sorbinil; 25 mg/kg/day p.o.) and the sorbinil treatment was associated with significant inhibition of polyol pathway intermediates in both lens and sciatic nerve. This suggests that polyol pathway activity in the lens may translate to oxidative stress-driving stimulation of NGF gene expression in the iris. The change is selective for NGF, because expression of the analogous neurotrophin, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), was unaltered in the same irises. These changes suggest that oxidative stress and/or inflammation can drive up NGF expression in diabetes—a mechanism that might participate in iritis.     

STRESS IN THE RURAL EMERGENCY ROOM

ABSTRACT: This study identifies stress-producing factors reported by registered nurses (RNs) attending serious incidents in an Australian rural hospital's emergency room. A Delphi approach was used to determine the six most significant stress-producing factors, and these factors were then ranked by two groups of nurses. The rankings were compared using the Spearman Rank Order Coefficient of Correlation and were found to be dependent on years of nursing experience of the RNs taking part in the study. The more experienced group nominated 'anxiety about nursing a family member or close friend' as the most significant stress-producing factor, while the less experienced group reported 'concerns about nursing a child' as the most important stress-producing factor. Possible reasons for the variation in rankings are discussed, and recommendations are made in the light of the study's findings.     

Post-traumatic stress disorder among the injured of theintifada

The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of PTSD among Palestinians who sustained serious bodily injuries during theintifada, as well as to delineate factors having an effect on the development and attenuation of PTSD symptomatology. Results indicated evidence of high prevalence of PTSD among the injured. No significant differences in PTSD prevalence for demographic, situational, and trauma-related variables were found except for the age factor. Prevalence of PTSD among adolescents was significantly higher than among adults. It seemed that the injury itself was so intensely overwhelming that the other variables were overshadowed. Implications for further research and stress management techniques were discussed.     

A critical survey of hypotheses regarding Post-traumatic Stress Disorders in light of recent research findings

This paper reviews briefly recent findings from psychobiological research upon Post-traumatic Stress Disorders. A critical assay is provided of the various hypotheses advanced as the result of this research data. The author suggests neuropsychological theory provides the best explanation for understanding and classifying both the clinical phenomenology and the biological abnormalities discovered in the chronic forms of PTSD.Initial draft presented at a workshop Delayed Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorders, sponsored by the Emergency Services Branch of the National Institutes of Mental Health April 14–15, 1986.     

Biological responses to overload training in endurance sports

Summary Five subjects undertook 10 days of twice daily interval training sessions on a treadmill followed by 5 days of active recovery. On days 1, 6, 11, and 16 the subjects were required to undertake a test of submaximal and maximal work capacity on a treadmill combined with a performance test consisting of a run to exhaustion with the treadmill set at 18 km · h^–1 and 1% gradient. Also on these days a pre-exercise blood sample was collected and analysed for a range of haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters. The subjects experienced a significant fall in performance on day 11 which had returned to pretraining levels on day 16. Serum ferritin concentrations were depressed significantly from pretraining concentrations at the conclusion of the recovery period while the expression of lymphocyte activation antigens (CD25⁺ and HLA-DR⁺) was increased both after the training phase and the recovery phase. The number of CD56⁺ cells in the peripheral circulation was depressed at the conclusion of the recovery period. Several parameters previously reported to change in association with overload training failing to reflect the decrease in performance experienced by subjects in this study, suggesting that overtraining may best be diagnosed through a multifactorial approach to the recognition of symptoms. The most important factor to consider may be a decrease in the level of performance following a regeneration period. The magnitude of this decreased performance necessary for the diagnosis of overtraining and the nature of an appropriate regeneration period are, however, difficult to define and may vary depending upon the training background of the subjects and the nature of the preceding training. It may or may not be associated with biochemical, haematological, physiological and immunological indicators. Individual cases may present a different range of symptoms and diagnosis of overtraining should not be excluded based on the failure of blood parameters to demonstrate variation. However, blood parameters may be useful to identify possible aetiology in each separate case report of overtraining. An outstanding factor to emerge from this study was the difficulty associated with an objective diagnosis of overtraining and this is a possible reason why there have been new accounts of overtraining research in the literature.     

Prediction of mean skin temperature in warm environments

Summary The data collected by the authors in four experimental series have been analysed together with data from the literature, to study the relationship between mean skin temperature and climatic parameters, subject metabolic rate and clothing insulation. The subjects involved in the various studies were young male subjects, unacclimatized to heat. The range of conditions examined involved mean skin temperatures between 33‡ C and 38‡ C, air temperatures (T_a) between 23‡ C and 50‡ C, ambient water vapour pressures (P_a) between 1 and 4.8 kPa, air velocities (V_a) between 0.2 and 0.9 m · s⁻¹, metabolic rates (M) between 50 and 270 W · m⁻², and Clo values between 0.1 and 0.6. In 95% of the data, mean radiant temperature was within ±3‡ C of air temperature. Based on 190 data averaged over individual values, the following equation was derived by a multiple linear regression technique: ˉT_sk=30.0+0.138T_a+0.254P_a−0.57V_a+1.28 · 10⁻³ M−0.553 Clo. This equation was used to predict mean skin temperature from 629 individual data. The difference between observed and predicted values was within ±0.6‡ C in 70% of the cases and within ±1‡ C in 90% of the cases. It is concluded that the proposed formula may be used to predict mean skin temperature with satisfactory accuracy in nude to lightly clad subjects exposed to warm ambient conditions with no significant radiant heat load.     

Time course and effective sites for inhibition from midbrain periaqueductal gray of spinal dorsal horn neuronal responses to cutaneous stimuli in the cat

Summary Inhibition of spinal dorsal horn neuronal responses to noxious (50 °C) skin heating by stimulation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) was quantitatively investigated in cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and nitrous oxide. Systematic variation of the interval between onset of PAG stimulation (PAGS) and onset of noxious skin heating revealed that a marked reduction of spinal unit heat-evoked discharges occured immediately upon onset of PAGS, and ceased immediately at offset of PAGS with a post-stimulation excitatory rebound. Stimulation at sites in both ventral and dorsal PAG produced inhibition, the strength of which increased sometimes in a linear manner with increasing strength of PAGS. Thresholds for the generation of descending inhibition were higher in dorsal than ventral PAG. PAGS also inhibited spinal unit responses to non-noxious skin stimulation (brushing of hairs). Descending inhibition from PAG is considered as a possible mechanism for analgesia produced by stimulation of PAG and other brainstem structures.The work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Zi 110)     

Contribution of redox-active iron and copper to oxidative damage in Alzheimer disease

Metal-catalyzed hydroxyl radicals are potent mediators of cellular injury, affecting every category of macromolecule, and are central to the oxidative injury hypothesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. Studies on redox-competent copper and iron indicate that redox activity in AD resides exclusively within the neuronal cytosol and that chelation with deferoxamine, DTPA, or, more recently, iodochlorhydroxyquin, removes this activity. We have also found that while proteins that accumulate in AD possess metal-binding sites, metal-associated cellular redox activity is primarily dependent on metals associated with nucleic acid, specifically cytoplasmic RNA. These findings indicate aberrations in iron homeostasis that, we suspect, arise primarily from heme, since heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of heme to iron and biliverdin, is increased in AD, and mitochondria, since mitochondria turnover, mitochondrial DNA, and cytochrome C oxidative activity are all increased in AD. These findings, as well as studies demonstrating a reduction in microtubule density in AD neurons, suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction, acting in concert with cytoskeletal pathology, serves to increase redox-active heavy metals and initiates a cascade of abnormal events culminating in AD pathology.     

Psychopathy and Physiological Activity In a Mixed-Motive Game Situation

Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were recorded while 17 psychopathic (P) and 17 nonpsychopathic (NP) inmates (referred to as A) were engaged in a mixed-motive game situation with another S (referred to as B). On each trial A had to choose the intensity of shock to be delivered to himself and to B. B then was given a chance to retaliate, although his choices were actually overridden by the experimenter. A 10 sec tone (CS) preceded delivery of shock to each S. There were no differences between Groups P and NP in the intensity of shock chosen for themselves and for the other (B) Ss. Compared with Group NP, Group P gave small unconditioned skin conductance (SC) responses to shock directly received and to shocks delivered to the other S. There were no differences between groups in the unconditioned HR response to either direct shock (acceleration) or to shocks delivered to the other S (slight deceleration). Group P gave small electrodermal orienting responses (ORs) and anticipatory responses (ARs) to the CS preceding shock to self and shock to other; Group NP gave relatively large ORs and ARs to the CS preceding shock to self, and small ones prior to shock to other. Both Groups gave a biphasic conditioned HR response–acceleration followed by deceleration; each component was larger in Group P than in Group NP, and the acceleratory component in Group P appeared on the first trial. The electrodermal data were consistent with the view that psychopaths experience little fear arousal prior to reception of aversive stimuli by themselves or by others. It was suggested that the anticipatory HR responses of the psychopathic Ss were part of an adaptive response that helped them to cope with stress.