开心散及其各单药成分的肠吸收研究

目的:采用改良外翻肠囊模型,研究开心散复方及各单药的肠吸收情况。方法:利用翻转肠囊法建立开心散复方及各单药的大鼠肠吸收模型,并用HPLC、HPLC-MS法检测开心散及其各单药的肠吸收成分。结果:HPLCDAD检测器条件下可测得开心散复方中主要吸收入肠成分是远志中的成分,未检测到人参、茯苓、石菖蒲的肠吸收成分。多级质谱研究表明开心散复方和远志中主要的可吸收成分为寡糖酯类化合物。结论:HPLCDAD检测条件下,发现开心散肠吸收的主要成分是远志中的寡糖酯类成分,但这些成分的化学结构及人参、茯苓、石菖蒲的肠吸收成分需进一步研究。     

Identification of Nordic Berries with Beneficial Effects on Cognitive Outcomes and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat-Fed Middle-Aged C57BL/6J Mice

High-fat diets are associated with neuronal and memory dysfunction. Berries may be useful in improving age-related memory deficits in humans, as well as in mice receiving high-fat diets. Emerging research has also demonstrated that brain health and cognitive function may be related to the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota. In this study, the impact of Nordic berries on the brain and the gut microbiota was investigated in middle-aged C57BL/6J mice. The mice were fed high-fat diets (60%E fat) supplemented with freeze-dried powder (6% dwb) of bilberry, lingonberry, cloudberry, blueberry, blackcurrant, and sea buckthorn for 4 months. The results suggest that supplementation with bilberry, blackcurrant, blueberry, lingonberry, and (to some extent) cloudberry has beneficial effects on spatial cognition, as seen by the enhanced performance following the T-maze alternation test, as well as a greater proportion of DCX-expressing cells with prolongation in hippocampus. Furthermore, the proportion of the mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila increased by 4–14 times in the cecal microbiota of mice fed diets supplemented with lingonberry, bilberry, sea buckthorn, and blueberry. These findings demonstrate the potential of Nordic berries to preserve memory and cognitive function, and to induce alterations of the gut microbiota composition.     

CONSORT-Characteristics and metabolic phenotype of gut microbiota in NAFLD patients

Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have symptoms of a gut microbiota disorder with abnormal amino acid and glycolipid metabolism. This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of gut microbiota in patients with NAFLD, predict the gut microbiota phenotype, explore its role in the diagnosis of NAFLD, and establish its significance in disease progression.The characteristics of the gut microbiota in NAFLD patients (n = 28, 45.8 ± 14.2 years, male/female = 18/10) and healthy subjects (n = 20, 49.6 ± 4.8 years, male/female = 14/6) during March–May 2020 were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology and the phenotypes with large differences were predicted using the Tax4Fun method. The metabolites in the fecal samples of the patients were analyzed using mass spectrometry, and their correlation with different microorganisms was examined. The accuracy of the gut microbiota in diagnosing NAFLD was investigated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.We found that the microbial diversity and Bacteroides/Firmicutes (BF) ratio changed significantly (P < .05) in the feces of NAFLD patients. Phenotypic prediction showed that there were significant differences in the phenotypes of amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism of gut microbiota in the NAFLD group (P < .05). receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that combination of Bacteroides and the BF ratio resulted in 88% and 100% sensitivity and specificity, respectively, when used for NAFLD diagnosis. Metabolomics and bioinformatics analysis revealed changes in the metabolism of nicotinate, nicotinamide, and pyrimidine; signaling pathways of calcium and oxytocin; pancreatic secretion with metabolites such as uracil, xanthine, and biliverdin; and enzymes such as xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase (P < .05).Therefore, the phenotypic changes may be a potential marker for NAFLD and we considered that a combined analysis of Bacteroides and BF ratio had good diagnostic accuracy for NAFLD.     

Effects and safety of traditional Chinese medicine on the gut microbiota of an adult with chronic kidney disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Studies have reported that changes in the abundance of gut microbiota may explain the medically helpful responses towards traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), an essential part of alternative and complementary medicine, in treating chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to illuminate the changes in the abundance of gut microbiota of TCM with CKD.Methods:The meta-analysis was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE CNKI, WanFang, VIP, and CBM databases, from its inception to October 2021 to discriminate randomized controlled trials and examine the effects of TCM on CKD. Two researchers independently performed literature selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. The risk of bias of the included studies was estimated by taking into consideration the characteristics including random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of patients, blinding of outcome assessment, completeness of outcome data, selective reporting, and other bias using Cochrane Collaboration''s tool for assessing the risk of bias.Results and Conclusions:From the perspective of intestinal flora, this study will provide high-quality evidence for the effectiveness and safety of TCM for CKD. It provides a new therapeutic approach for treating CKD with Chinese herbal medicine combined with Western medicine.Inplasy registration number:INPLASY2021100118.     

The Potential Roles of Dietary Anthocyanins in Inhibiting Vascular Endothelial Cell Senescence and Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasingly more evidence has shown that the senescence of vascular endothelial cells is the key to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Anthocyanin is a type of water-soluble polyphenol pigment and secondary metabolite of plant-based food widely existing in fruits and vegetables. The gut microbiome is involved in the metabolism of anthocyanins and mediates the biological activities of anthocyanins and their metabolites, while anthocyanins also regulate the growth of specific bacteria in the microbiota and promote the proliferation of healthy anaerobic flora. Accumulating studies have shown that anthocyanins have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects. Many animal and in vitro experiments have also proven that anthocyanins have protective effects on cardiovascular-disease-related dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin in eliminating aging endothelial cells and preventing cardiovascular diseases is very complex and is not fully understood. In this systematic review, we summarize the metabolism and activities of anthocyanins, as well as their effects on scavenging senescent cells and cardioprotection.     

Probiotics Administration in Cystic Fibrosis: What Is the Evidence?

In the last 20 years, gut microbiota in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has become an object of interest. It was shown that these patients had gut dysbiosis and this could explain not only the intestinal manifestations of the disease but also part of those involving the respiratory tract. The acquisition of previously unknown information about the importance of some bacteria, i.e., those partially or totally disappeared in the gut of CF patients, in the regulation of the activity and function of the gut and the lung was the base to suggest the use of probiotics in CF patients. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the biological basis for probiotic administration to CF patients and which results could be expected. Literature analysis showed that CF intestinal dysbiosis depends on the same genetic mutations that condition the clinical picture of the diseases and is aggravated by a series of therapeutic interventions, such as dietary modifications, the use of antibiotics, and the administration of antacids. All this translates into a significant worsening of the structure and function of organs, including the lung and intestine, already deeply penalized by the genetic alterations of CF. Probiotics can intervene on dysbiosis, reducing the negative effects derived from it. However, the available data cannot be considered sufficient to indicate that these bacteria are essential elements of CF therapy. Further studies that take into account the still unsolved aspects on how to use probiotics are absolutely necessary.     

Elucidation of Anti-Hypertensive Mechanism by a Novel Lactobacillus rhamnosus AC1 Fermented Soymilk in the Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Hypertensive Rats

Dietary intake of fermented soymilk is associated with hypotensive effects, but the mechanisms involved have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the anti-hypertensive effects of soymilk fermented by L. rhamnosus AC1 on DOCA-salt hypertension from the point of view of oxidative stress, inflammatory response and alteration of the gut microbiome. The antioxidant assays in vitro indicated the ethanol extract (EE) of L. rhamnosus AC1 fermented soymilk showed better antioxidative effects than the water extract (WE). Those extracts displayed a hypotensive effect using a tail-cuff approach to measuring blood pressure and improved nitric oxide (NO), angiotensin II (Ang II), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin factor-6 (IL-6) on DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Furthermore, cardiac and renal fibrosis were attenuated by those extracts. The gut microbiota analysis revealed that they significantly reduced the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, its family Enterobacteriaceae and genus Escherichia-Shigella. Moreover, metabolomic profiling revealed several potential gut microbiota-related metabolites which appeared to involve in the development and recovery of hypertension. In conclusion, fermented soymilk is a promising nutritional intervention strategy to improve hypertension via reducing inflammation and reverting dysbiotic microbiota.     

Intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota in early neonates: an analysis based on high-throughput sequencing北大核心CSCD

目的 初步探讨早期新生儿肠道和咽部微生物群的分布特点及相关性。 方法 选取上海市浦东新区妇幼保健院2021年9月—2022年1月出生的混合喂养的足月健康新生儿为研究对象。采用16S rRNA基因测序技术分析新生儿出生当天及出生后5~7 d的粪便和咽拭子样本,分析比较早期新生儿肠道和咽部微生物群的组成及功能差异。 结果 多样性分析表明,早期新生儿咽部微生物群的多样性高于肠道,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。门水平上,出生当天肠道变形菌门相对丰度高于咽部（P<0.05）;出生后5~7 d肠道放线菌门和变形菌门相对丰度高于咽部、厚壁菌门相对丰度低于咽部（P<0.05）。属水平上,出生当天肠道和咽部的优势菌属组成差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;出生后5~7 d肠道和咽部的链球菌属、葡萄球菌属、罗氏菌属、双歧杆菌属及埃希菌-志贺菌属等共生菌差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。直系同源序列聚类数据库分析显示,咽部菌群更多地集中在染色质结构和动力学及细胞骨架上,而肠道菌群在RNA加工修饰、能量生成和转换、氨基酸转运代谢、碳水化合物转运代谢、辅酶转运和代谢等方面表现丰富（P<0.05）。京都基因和基因组百科全书分析显示,与咽部菌群相比,肠道菌群对细胞运动、细胞进程和信号转导、内分泌系统、排泄系统、免疫系统、代谢性疾病、神经系统和转录功能参数的预测程度更高（P<0.05）。 结论 新生儿出生时肠道和咽部的微生物群组成及多样性无显著差异,随着出生时间的推移,两个生态位的微生物群组成开始出现分化,并逐渐显现出各自不同的功能。     

表皮生长因子对放射性肠炎全肠外营养大鼠谷氨酰胺代谢酶的影响

目的：探讨表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）对接受长期全肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）的放射性肠炎大鼠组织谷氨酰胺代谢酶的影响,方法大鼠皮下注射ＥＧＦ,观察其对大鼠肝,骨骼肌及小肠粘膜组织内谷酰胺酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的变化。结果应用ＥＧＦ后大鼠肝、,骨骼肌肉的谷氨酰胺合成酶及肝、小肠粘膜的谷氨酰胺酶活性,动脉血、小肠和肝谷氨酰胺浓度增加,小肠谷氨酰胺摄取率增加。结论ＥＧＦ显著增加谷氨酰胺代谢酶的活性,增加肠粘膜代谢的主要能     

间歇性断食对老年前期肥胖大鼠肠道菌群及代谢的影响

目的 研究间歇性断食对老年前期肥胖大鼠代谢和肠道菌群的影响.方法 雌性Wistar大鼠经42周高脂高糖饲料饲养造模,根据体质量选取模型鼠进行间歇性断食干预.干预方法为每2周断食72 h,总干预时间18周.干预后进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验、血脂4项检测.收集粪便,通过Illumina高通量测序检测16S rRNA基因V4可变区,运用QIIME及LEfSe分析肠道菌群.结果 间歇性断食组体质量相对于模型对照组显著下降(P<0.01);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著下降(P<0.05);空腹血糖显著上升(P<0.01);葡萄糖耐量测试曲线下面积显著高于模型对照组,糖耐量减退(P<0.05);HE染色显示间歇性断食轻度减少肝脏脂肪变性.肠道菌群结果显示,断食组肠道菌群得到显著改善,具体表现为YS2、RF32、Helicobacteraceae(螺杆菌科)增加,Lactobacillus(乳杆菌属)、Roseburia(罗氏菌属)、Erysipelotrichaceae(韦荣球菌科)、Ralstonia(青枯菌属)、Bradyrhizobiaceae(慢生根瘤菌科)和RF39减少.Spearman相关性分析发现Bradyrhizobiaceae与总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈正相关;大鼠体质量与RF39呈负相关.结论 间歇性断食能改善肠道菌群,降低老年前期肥胖大鼠体质量和血脂水平,但对糖代谢有不良影响.