用套式RT-PCR法检测肝细胞癌中丙型肝炎病毒基因型

目的　检测人肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）组织中丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）基因型。方法　用ＲＴＰＣＲ法常规检测ＨＣＣ组织和部分患者血清ＨＣＶ,再以巢式ＲＴＰＣＲ法对ＨＣＶ阳性标本中５种ＨＣＶ基因型进行鉴别。对多数标本中ＨＢｓＡｇ和ＨＢＶＤＮＡ也进行了免疫组化和原位杂交检测。结果　ＨＣＣ组织中ＨＣＶ阳性率为５０％（３９／７８）,与ＨＢＶ者（６４．４％）差异无显著性意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）,两者重叠感染率３４％（２０／５９）。在１０例血清ＨＣＶ阴性ＨＣＣ患者中,３例ＨＣＣ冰冻组织检出ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。在ＨＣＣ组织中共检出３种ＨＣＶ基因型,其中２ａ、１ｂ、３ａ和混合型分别为１７例（４３．６％）、９例（２３．１％）、４例（１０．３％）和２例（５．１％）,各基因型间差异有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）,但２ａ型与１ｂ型间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）,２ａ型与ＨＢＶ的重叠感染明显较其他ＨＣＶ基因型者常见（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　２ａ型ＨＣＶ是ＨＣＣ组织中最常见的基因型并易与ＨＢＶ重叠感染率,ＨＣＣ患者血清ＨＣＶ检测不一定能准确反映ＨＣＣ组织中的ＨＣＶ感染率,其所示基因型也有所不同。     

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Genotypes, Dietary Habits and Susceptibility to Stomach Cancer

OBJECTIVE To study the relation among methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotypes, dietary habits and the risk of stomach cancer (SC).METHODS A case-control study was conducted with 107 cases of SC and 200 population-based controls in Chuzhou district, Huaian, Jiangsu province, China. The epidemiological data were collected, and DNA of peripheral blood leukocytes was obtained from all of the subjects..MTHFR genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS (1) The prevalence of the MTHFR C/T or T/T genotypes was found to be significantly different between controls (68.5%) and SC cases (79.4%,P=0.0416), the increased risk had an adjusted OR of 1.79 (95?:1.01-3.19). (2) Among subjects who had a low intake of garlic or Chinese onion, MTHFR C/T or T/T genotypes significantly increased the risk of developing SC. Among non-tea drinkers or among subjects who had a frequent intakeof meat, the carriers of the MTHFR C/T or T/T genotypes had a higher risk of SC than individuals with the C/C type MTHFR. CONCLUSION The polymorphism of MTHFR C677T was associated with increased risk of developing SC, and that individuals with differing genotypes may have different susceptibilities to SC, based on their exposure level to environmental factors.     

GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性与COPD易感性的研究

目的　探讨GSTM1、GSTT1基因多态性与COPD易感性的关系。方法　应用PCR技术对 91例COPD患者和 44例非COPD人群GSTM1、GSTT1不同基因型进行检测并根据性别、年龄及吸烟史对其易感性进行分析。结果　两组之间相比较男性及 >40岁的人群其GSTM10 / 0基因型频率有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;在吸烟指数为≥ 3 1PY时 ,COPD组的GSTM10 / 0基因型频率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;根据性别、年龄组及吸烟史分析 ,在两组人群中GSTT10 / 0基因型频率均未发现有显著性差异 (P值均 >0 0 5 ) ;两组人群综合基因型频率分析显示 ,在吸烟指数≥ 3 1PY的人群中GSTM10 / 0 -GSTT10 / 0基因型频率则显著高于对照组 (P<0 0 5 )。结论　GSTM1纯合缺失基因型可能增加了长期大量吸烟人群对COPD的易感性 ,若同时伴有GSTT1的纯合性缺失可进一步增加对COPD的易感性     

Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mumbai,India: Identification of a Mixed and Novel Genotype

Purpose: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV being a ribonucleic acid virus has considerable sequence variability. Assessment of viral load and genotype is necessary for designing treatment strategies and monitoring for viral resistance among HCV-infected cases. HCC is the most common form of liver cancer, often occurring in people with chronic hepatitis B or C. We undertook this study to observe genotype distribution of the virus in HCV patients from Mumbai. Materials and Methods: Between January 2017 and December 2017, the study was conducted on 120 chronic hepatitis outpatients from a tertiary care hospital, Mumbai, after obtaining ethics approval. All these diagnosed cases of HCV were subjected to molecular diagnosis in a research institute, Mumbai, by real-time polymerase chain reaction-based techniques. Results: Males were more preponderant than females with HCV infection, and the highest number of HCV-infected cases was observed in the age group of 41–50 years. Genotype 3 (n = 70; 58.3%) accounted for the highest number of cases followed by genotypes 1b (n = 29; 24.2%) and then 1a (n = 14; 11.7%). Mixed genotypes 1b + 3 and individual genotype 4 were found in two cases each (1.7%). A total of three samples (2.5%) were found with untypeable genotype. Conclusion: The major HCV genotype observed was 3 which is difficult to treat with direct-acting antivirals, owing to the more rapid progression of liver disease, increased rates of steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), a higher risk for cancer (HCC). We believe this study is the first one to address the prevalence of mixed genotypes and untypeable genotype from India.     

Status of Foot‐and‐mouth Disease in India

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India and causes severe economic loss. Status of FMD in the country for five fiscal years is presented. Outbreaks were more in number in 2007–2008 than 2010–2011. Three serotypes of FMD virus (O, A and Asia1) are prevalent. Serotype O was responsible for 80% of the confirmed outbreaks/cases, whereas Asia1 and A caused 12% and 8%, respectively. Geographical region‐wise assessment indicated varying prevalence rate in different regions viz; 43% in Eastern region, 31.5% in Southern region, 11.6% in North‐eastern region, 5% Central region, 4.4% Western region and 4% in Northern region. Highest number of outbreaks/cases was recorded in the month of September and lowest in June. Emergence and re‐emergence of different genotypes/lineages within the serotypes were evident in real‐time investigation carried out from time to time. Continues antigenic divergence in serotype A resulted in change in the vaccine strain in 2009. As on date, all genetic diversity within the serotypes is well tolerated by the vaccine strains. Unrestricted animal movements in the country play a major role in the spread of FMD.     

Role of Helicobacter pylori in common rosacea subtypes: A genotypic comparative study of Egyptian patients

Helicobacter pylori was incriminated as an etiological factor of rosacea. However, there is still controversy about this association. We conducted a comparative study in order to assess the role of H. pylori in rosacea patients who had dyspeptic symptoms. The study included 68 patients and 54 controls. Screening for H. pylori was performed and positive cases were referred for gastric endoscopy. The inflammatory response and bacterial density were evaluated in gastric biopsy. H. pylori vacA alleles, cagA and iceA genotypes were assessed by polymerase chain reaction. We found that 49 rosacea (72%) and 25 controls (46.3%) were infected with H. pylori. Thirty‐one rosacea cases were papulopustular (PPR) while 18 were erythematotelangiectatic (ETR). Gastric ulceration was higher in PPR cases (38.7%) than ETR (11.1%) and controls (12%). A significant inflammatory reaction was observed more in PPR cases (74.2%) compared with 44.4% in ETR (P = 0.04) and 44% in controls (P = 0.02). Analysis of H. pylori genotypes revealed that vacA s1m1 was more identified in PPR cases (54.8%) compared with 22.2% in ETR (P = 0.03) and 16% in controls (P = 0.003). There was a significant elevation of cagA/vacA s1m1 positivity in PPR cases. After the eradication regimen of H. pylori, a significant improvement (P < 0.05) was observed in 15 out of 27 PPR cases (55.6%) compared with three out of 17 ETR (17.6%). We concluded that H. pylori has a significant role in rosacea patients who had dyspeptic symptoms. The PPR type is more influenced by H. pylori and this is regarded as being because of certain virulent strains that increase the inflammatory response in gastric mucosa and also in cutaneous lesions.     

MBL,P2X7, and SLC11A1 gene polymorphisms in patients with oropharyngeal tularemia

Conclusion: A significant association was found of oropharyngeal tularemia with SLC11A1 allele polymorphism (INT4?G/C) and MBL2 C?+?4T (P/Q). These results indicate C allele and Q allele might be a risk factor for the development of oropharyngeal tularemia.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship of SLC11A1, MBL, and P2X₇ gene polymorphism with oropharyngeal tularemia.

Methods: The study included totally 120 patients who were diagnosed with oropharyngeal tularemia. Frequencies of polymorphisms in the following genes were analyzed both in the patient and control groups in the study: SLC11A1 (5’(GT)_n Allele 2/3, Int4?G/C, 3’ UTR, D543N G/A), MBL (MBL2 C?+?4T (P/Q), and P2X₇ (?762 C/T and 1513 A/C).

Results: Among all polymorphisms that were investigated in this study, SLC11A1 gene showed a significance in the distriburtion of polymorphism allelle frequency at the INT4 region. Frequency of C allele was 54 (28%) in patients with oropharyngeal tularemia, and 31 (13%) in the control group (p?=?0.006 and OR = 1.96 (1.21–3.20)). An association was detected between MBL2 C?+?4T (P/Q) gene polymorphism and oropharyngeal tularemia (p?7 (?762 C/T and 1513 A/C) gene polymorphism and oropharyngeal tularemia in this study (p?>?0.05).     

Mumps Hoshino and Torii vaccine strains were distinguished from circulating wild strains

Aseptic meningitis and acute parotitis have been observed after mumps vaccination. Mumps outbreaks have been reported in Japan because of low vaccine coverage, and molecular differentiation is required to determine whether these cases are vaccine associated. RT-nested PCR was performed in the small hydrophobic gene region, and viruses were differentiated by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. A total of 584 nucleotides were amplified. The PCR product of the Hoshino strain was cut into two fragments (313 and 271 nucleotides) by MfeI; that of the Torii strain was digested with EcoT22I, resulting in 332- and 252-nucleotide fragments. Both strains were genotype B and had an XbaI site, resulting in two fragments: 299 and 285 nucleotides. Current circulating wild types were cut only by XbaI or MfeI. However, the MfeI site of the wild types was different from that of the Hoshino strain, resulting in 451- and 133-nucleotide fragments. Using three restriction enzymes, two mumps vaccine strains were distinguished from wild types, and this separation was applied to the identification of vaccine-related adverse events.