A comparison between senior medical students' and pharmacy pre-registrants' knowledge and perceptions of generic medicines

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain any differences in knowledge and perceptions of generic medicines between senior (final year) medical students and pharmacy pre-registrants in Australia. METHODS: National web-based surveys containing 16 common questions were administered to each group. Responses were compared using Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: Responses were received from 400 medical students (response rate 26.7%) and 289 pharmacy pre-registrants (response rate 30.5%). Both groups scored poorly on the allowable bioequivalence limits when comparing a brand-name medicine with a generic medicine, with pharmacy pre-registrants scoring better (P < 0.001). Pharmacy pre-registrants were more likely (P < 0.001) to report having been introduced to bioequivalence during their courses, and less likely (P < 0.001) to desire more information on bioequivalence testing. Both groups correctly agreed that generic medicines are bioequivalent to corresponding brand-name medicines but not necessarily to each other, and that generic medicines are cheaper. Pharmacy pre-registrants were more aware that generic medicines must be in the same dosage form (P < 0.001) and contain the same dose (P < 0.001) as the comparator brand-name medicine. Both groups incorrectly believed that generic medicines are required to meet higher safety standards, are inferior in quality, are less effective and produce more side-effects. Both groups agreed that it is easier to recognise a drug's therapeutic class from its generic name and that they needed more information about the safety and efficacy of generic medicines, with medical students feeling more strongly about this (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although there were some differences in responses, both groups had knowledge deficits about the quality, safety and effectiveness of generic medicines, which need to be addressed by educators in order to increase the future use of generic medicines in Australia.     

ICF通用组合在中国人群临床应用中的效度研究

目的:探讨ICF通用组合在中国人群临床功能评估中的结构效度,为其临床应用提供依据。方法:采用ICF通用组合功能评估量表,于入院和出院时两个时间点对来自全国21个省份和自治区50家医院康复医学科、神经内科或脑外科、心血管科、呼吸科和骨科4510名患者进行评估。所得数据用于评价ICF通用组合在临床功能评估中的结构效度。结果:"d850有报酬的就业"不适用于NRS评分,缺失值较大。除去此项,患者出院时ICF通用组合评分(15.25±13.48)分,低于入院时(23.76±15.15)分,差异有显著性意义(P0.001)。探索性因子分析结果表明,抽取特征根1的公因子共有2个,累积贡献率为78.018%。采用结构方程模型方法,拟合了"b130能量和驱力功能"、"b152情感功能"、"b280痛感"、"d230执行日常事务"、"d450步行"、"d455到处移动"关系模型,结构方程模型调整的拟合优度指数RMSEA=0.026,NFI=0.999,CFI=0.999,AGFI=0.994,模型较好的拟合了数据。结论:ICF通用组合能反映出、入院时患者的不同功能状态且其结构效度良好,是一种临床上有效的测量患者功能状态的工具。     

片姜黄和片子姜黄名称及来源考辨

文章主要通过文献考证的方法,对片姜黄和片子姜黄的名称以及来源进行考辨,为现代临床正确应用古方提供依据。在古代方书中,片姜黄和片子姜黄常互称互代,作为同一种药应用;而在古代本草文献中,两者常常在姜黄名下作为同一品种载述。片姜黄和姜黄在古代方书中亦互称互代,作为同一种药应用;在古代本草文献中在姜黄名下载述片姜黄的功效及形态特征。古代方药文献对于片姜黄的记载基本一致,现代文献对片姜黄来源记载的不一致,与现代对姜黄、郁金以及莪术的来源记载变化有关。笔者认为,片姜黄即古之片子姜黄;在古代其与姜黄系指同一药物,来源亦如姜黄一样并非一种;在现时其与姜黄已作为2种药物,来源单指原植物温郁金;应用古方需了解姜黄与片姜黄古同今异的变化,在临床中正确选药。     

以两个或以上人名命名的综合征ICD-10编码探讨

以两个或以上人名命名的综合征（病）,在编码工作中经常会遇到,编码员对这类综合征（病）名称的发展由来如果了解得不够深入,易导致编码错误.综合征编码原则：不含人名地名时,以“综合征”、“病”、“疾患”或疾病全称作为主导词查找;含人名地名时,直接以人名地名为主导词查找.本文通过对Axenfeld-Rieger综合征、Vogt小柳-原田综合征两例编码的分析,探讨以两个或以上人名命名的综合征（病）编码的方法及注意事项,以便协助编码人员在面对此类问题时更好更准确地进行编码工作,以提高该类疾病分类的准确率,并通过进一步分析国际疾病分类需求与实际编码操作产生的矛盾,对如何更好地实现病案编码理论与实际相结合提出建议.     

溃疡性结肠炎中医病名源流探析简

溃疡性结肠炎中医病名繁杂众多,根据其腹痛、腹泻、黏液脓血便等临床表现,多将其归属于中医＂泄泻＂＂痢疾＂＂肠风＂＂脏毒＂等范畴。研究其中医病名源流,分析古代文献的有关论述,可从相关疾病的治疗方法中取得宝贵经验,对于我们今天认识、分期分阶段治疗本病具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

我国仿制药政策分析

本文收集了我国促进仿制药研发创新、供应保障、临床使用等方面的政策,以期为完善我国仿制药政策提出相应建议。我国的仿制药支持政策正逐步完善,相关措施逐步落地,但仍需进一步完善顶层设计,加强统筹协调,完善配套政策体系,加快政策实际落地,营造推进高质量仿制药替代使用的良好氛围。     

Is there a role for generic antiretroviral drugs in the United States?

The high cost of antiretroviral drugs has limited access to treatment for some HIV-infected patients in the United States and strained public resources. With the introduction of much cheaper generic versions of some of these agents, and with more to come in the next few years, the need increases to define the role of generic antiretroviral drugs in patient management.     

医院放射与放疗系统的综合布线及网络方案

本文以肿瘤医院为例,简述了放射信息系统、放疗信息系统的综合布线与网络方案设计。     

A review of the toxicity of methylmercury compounds with application to occupational exposures associated with laboratory uses

The toxicological and physicochemical properties of methylmercury compounds are reviewed together in an attempt to foster a conceptual synthesis between the biochemistry and toxicity of these compounds. Where insights from chemical analysis bear on conclusions derivable from earlier toxicology studies, these studies have in some instances been reinterpreted. Physical and toxicity data alike are relevant to evaluating risk, and an application of these principles is made to assess occupational exposures in the particular setting of the laboratory. Information is presented from which hazard evaluation may be extrapolated to include a wide range of other exposure environments.     

Impact of psychosocial job stress on non-fatal occupational injuries in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises

BACKGROUND: Workers involved in manufacturing are known to comprise a high-risk population for occupational injury, and this risk is greater in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between psychosocial job stress and occupational injuries among workers in SMEs. METHODS: One thousand forty-nine men and 721 women from 244 SMEs participated in this study. Perceived job stress was evaluated with the Japanese version of the generic job stress questionnaire, which covered 14 job stress variables. Occupational injury was assessed by self-report during the last 1-year period. RESULTS: Workers with high quantitative workload (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55 for men, 1.62 for women), high cognitive demands (OR = 1.70 for men, 1.53 for women), and low job satisfaction (OR = 1.33 for men, 1.93 for women) had a significantly increased risk of occupational injury in the multivariate model. High variance in workload (OR = 1.70) and high job future ambiguity (OR = 1.35) in men, and low job control (OR = 2.04) and high intragroup conflict (OR = 1.66) in women were significantly associated with occupational injury. In manufacturing/production workers, high quantitative workload (OR = 1.91), high variance in workload (OR = 2.02), and high depressive symptoms (OR = 1.55) were significantly associated with injury in men, while low social support from colleagues (OR = 2.36) or family (OR = 2.51) was related to injury in women. CONCLUSIONS: These data point to an independent relationship between psychosocial job stress and self-reported occupational injury in SMEs.