FibroScan联合多种预测模型预测肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度应用价值探讨

目的 探讨应用FibroScan和其他指标评判肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张(EV)程度的临床价值。方法 142例肝硬化患者接受胃镜检查,了解食管胃底静脉曲张情况,使用FibroScan检测肝脏硬度值(LSM),计算天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/血小板比值指数(APRI)、基于 4 因子的纤维化指数(FIB- 4)和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶/血小板计数模型(GPR),绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),并计算曲线下面积(AUROC),评价各指标评判EV的临床价值。结果 本组患者经胃镜检查,发现无EV组49例,有EV组93例(G1 28例,G2 30例,G3 35例);EV组LSM、APRI、FIB-4和GPR分别为(25.8±1.6)kPa、(1.5±0.1)、(5.3±0.3)和(0.9±0.1),均显著大于无EV组【分别为(15.2±1.5)kPa、(0.7±0.1)、(2.9±0.3)和(0.4±0.1),P<0.05】;严重EV组LSM、APRI、FIB-4和GPR也显著大于无EV或轻度EV组;LSM、APRI、FIB-4和GPR判断EV≥G2的截断点分别为19.20 kPa、1.9、4.9和0.5,其诊断的灵敏度和特异度分别为68.7%和96.7%、60.0%和89.80%、61.5%和91.80%,和60.0%和85.70%。结论 应用FibroScan、APRI、FIB-4和GPR等无创性指标可以预测肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张的存在,对不能行胃镜检查的患者可作为一种替代方法而做出判断。     

比较MR弹性成像及动态增强成像评价肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张

目的 比较MR弹性成像（MRE）及动态增强成像（DCE-MRI）诊断肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张（GEV）的价值。方法 收集接受MRE及DCE-MRI检查的肝硬化患者59例,记录血小板计数（PLT）,测量肝弹性值（HS）、脾弹性值（SS）和MR增强视觉分级相关指标;以内镜结果为金标准,采用ROC曲线下面积（AUC）比较相关指标诊断GEV的价值。结果 PLT、HS、SS及MR增强视觉分级与肝硬化GEV分级具有相关性（r_s=-0.317、0.436、0.682、0.703,P均<0.05）。诊断有无GEV时,SS的AUC略高于MR增强视觉分级、HS、PLT （AUC分别为0.880、0.795、0.744、0.635）,其中SS与PLT的AUC差异有统计学意义（P=0.002）;诊断中重度GEV时,MR增强视觉分级的AUC略高于SS、HS、PLT （AUC分别为0.893、0.816、0.713、0.665）,其中MR增强视觉分级与HS、PLT的AUC差异有统计学意义（P=0.018、0.002）。联合SS及MR增强视觉分级,鉴别诊断有无GEV及中重度GEV的敏感度分别为94.16%、96.83%。结论 MRE可有效预测GEV及其严重程度,与DCE-MRI效果相当。     

特利加压素联合硬化剂在食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床研究

目的：探讨不同治疗方法治疗食管静脉曲张及胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法整群选取在该院接诊的53例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者设为观察组,患者接受特利加压素联合硬化剂治疗。回顾性分析在早期在该院接诊的53例同样患者的临床资料,设为对照组,给予奥曲肽及内镜下套扎治疗,分析比较两组患者的临床治疗效果对比分析。结果观察组患者24 h、72 h止血率、半年内再出血率分别为86.79%、90.56%、11.32%,对照组患者24 h、72 h止血率、半年内再出血率分别为65.38%、69.23%、48.07%,两组患者24 h、72 h止血率、半年内再出血率方面的数据比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论特利加压素联合硬化剂治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的效果较好,值得临床推广和应用。     

内镜下精准食管胃静脉曲张断流术的前瞻性研究（附180例报告）

目的前瞻性研究内镜下精准食管胃静脉曲张断流术的临床疗效及安全性。方法 180例肝硬化伴食管胃静脉曲张行内镜下治疗者纳入前瞻性分析,行内镜下精准食管胃静脉曲张断流术。采用改良的"三明治夹心法",聚桂醇-组织胶-生理盐水,行血管来源支精准断流治疗,观察治疗的显效率、有效率、改善率以及再出血率和并发症发生情况。结果术后1个月,静脉曲张显效率67.8%(122/180),有效率30.0%(54/180),无效率2.2%(4/180),改善率97.8%(176/180)。术后2周内,再出血率3.3%(6/180)。术后3个月内,再出血率7.2%(13/180)。所有患者均无严重并发症发生,总体并发症发生率37.8%(68/180)。结论内镜下精准食管胃静脉曲张断流术疗效及安全性较好,值得推广。     

奥曲肽治疗对食管胃底静脉曲张出血的肝静脉压力梯度及血流速度的影响观察

目的:观察奥曲肽治疗肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)等的变化,探讨奥曲肽止血机制.方法:采用随机对照的方法,病例分为低剂量奥曲肽治疗组(A组,n=18);高剂量奥曲肽治疗组(B组,n=18)和对照组(C组,n =18).治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血,在基础治疗(禁食、输液、输血、对症处理)的基础上,全部病例予以奥美拉唑注射液40 mg,每12h1次静脉滴注抑酸.治疗组A、B组分别以奥曲肽注射液25、50 μg/h的速度微泵静脉维持治疗.观察治疗前后HVPG,门静脉内径,血流速度及呕血、黑便等的改变情况.结果:治疗前与治疗后24、72 h,两治疗组HVPG比较对照组显著降低,有统计学差异(P =0.00,P=0.00).而治疗组A、B治疗后24 h HVPG有统计学差异(P=0.00),治疗后72 h HVPG无统计学差异(P=0.14).治疗组比较对照组门静脉内径减小有统计学差异(P＜0.05);治疗组A、B与对照组在治疗24、72 h呕血,黑便量相比较明显减少,有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论:奥曲肽能显著降低HVPG,减少门静脉内径,较高浓度奥曲肽在24 h内疗效更快,奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑比较单独奥美拉唑止血疗效更显著.     

手术治疗肝豆状核变性并脾功能亢进的疗效评价

目的：评价脾切除术联合胃底贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝豆状核变性并脾功能亢进的疗效。方法148例肝豆状核变性并脾功能亢进患者行脾切除术联合胃底贲门周围血管离断术治疗,检测患者的血常规、肝功能变化,评定手术疗效。结果手术后1周,患者血小板（PLT）、白细胞（WBC）较手术前显著升高（P ＜0．05）,甚至超过正常范围;手术后1月的 PLT、WBC水平则显著回落,恢复正常水平。谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素术前处于较高水平,术后1周较术前进一步升高（P ＜0．05）,而术后1月时其水平较术前及术后1周均有显著下降（P ＜0．05）。结论脾切除术联合胃底贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝豆状核变性并脾亢,对恢复外周血细胞数量、保护肝功能均有显著作用。     

Reflux-related symptoms reflect poor asthma control and the presence of airway neuronal dysfunction

BackgroundGastroesophageal reflux may be associated with the worsening of asthma by increasing cough reflex sensitivity. Hull Airway Reflux Questionnaire (HARQ) consists of 14 prevalent reflux-related symptoms. It may be useful in predicting the presence of cough reflex hypersensitivity in asthma.MethodsFrom August 2018 to July 2020, 266 asthmatic patients completed the HARQ. They underwent blood analysis, spirometry, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement, and the capsaicin cough challenge test. Patients were considered to have reflux-related symptoms if their HARQ scores were 13 points or higher. We evaluated the association between reflux-related symptoms and clinical asthma outcomes. Finally, we performed a multivariate analysis to determine the clinical significance of the HARQ for asthma. This study was registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000040732).ResultsThe mean HARQ scores were 13.1 (standard deviation 12.0). Patients in the high HARQ scores group (HARQ ≥13, n = 105) showed a lower prevalence of atopic predisposition, lower levels of FeNO, heightened capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity, poorer asthma control, and more frequent admissions due to asthma than those in the low HARQ groups (all p values < 0.05). The HARQ was useful in selecting patients with poor controlled asthma and those with severe cough when the cut-off value was set at 13. Multivariate analysis revealed that heightened capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity affected reflux-related symptoms, as well as lower levels of FeNO and younger age.ConclusionsHigher HARQ scores (≥13) may be useful in predicting not only poor asthma condition but also the presence of airway neuronal dysfunction in patients with asthma to some extent.     

Chronic Idiopathic Cough: A Discrete Clinical Entity?

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Despite the success of specialist cough clinics, there is increasing recognition of a subgroup of chronic coughers in whom a diagnosis cannot be made even after thorough, systematic investigation. We call this condition chronic idiopathic cough (CIC). The aim of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics of CIC patients with those of coughers in whom a diagnosis has been established (non-CIC) to see if there is a recognizable clinical pattern that distinguishes CIC from non-CIC. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the medical records of chronic cough patients. SETTING: The Royal Brompton Hospital Chronic Cough Clinic, London. PATIENTS: One hundred patients with chronic cough referred to the Royal Brompton Hospital Cough Clinic between October 2000 and February 2004. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of all patients were female. Median age was 57 years (range, 19 to 81 years), with a median duration of symptoms of 48 months (range, 2 to 384 months). The primary diagnoses were CIC (42%), postnasal drip syndromes (22%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (16%), asthma (7%), and others (13%). In CIC patients, the median age at referral, age at onset of cough, and proportion of females did not differ significantly from non-CIC patients. CIC patients had a longer median duration of cough (72 months vs 24 months, p = 0.002), were more likely to report an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) as the initial trigger of their cough (48% vs 24%, p = 0.0014), and had a significantly lower cough threshold in response to capsaicin (log concentration of capsaicin required to induce five or more coughs, - 0.009 vs 0.592, p = 0.032) than non-CIC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CIC commonly describe a URTI that initiates their cough, which then lasts for many years, and they demonstrate an exquisitely sensitive cough reflex. We believe that CIC may be a distinct clinical entity with an as-yet unidentified underlying pathology.     

Reflux injury of esophageal mucosa: experimental studies in animal models of esophagitis, Barrett''s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma

Barrett's esophagus (BE), a gastroesophageal reflux associated complication, is defined as the replacement of normal esophageal squamous mucosa by specialized intestinal columnar mucosa with the appearance of goblet cells. The presence of BE is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Although the exposure of gastroduodenal contents to the esophageal mucosa is considered to be an important risk factor for the development of esophagitis, BE and EAC, the mechanisms of reflux esophageal injury are not fully understood. Animal models are now being used extensively to identify the mechanisms of damage and to devise protective and mitigating strategies. Experimental studies on animal models by mimicking the processing of gastroesophageal reflux injury have bloomed during the past decades, however, there is controversy regarding which experimental model for reflux esophagitis, experimental BE and experimental EAC is best. In this review article we aim to clarify the basic understanding of gastroesophageal reflux injury and its complications of BE and EAC, as well as to present current understanding of the reflux experimental models. The animal models of experimental esophageal injury are summarized with focus on the surgical procedures to guide the investigator in choosing or developing a correct animal model in future studies. In addition, our own experimental studies of the animal models are also briefly discussed.