Oesophageal capsule endoscopy versus oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy for the diagnosis of recurrent varices: A prospective multicentre study

BackgroundOesophago-gastroduodenoscopy is the standard method for the diagnosis of recurrent oesophago-gastric varices after endoscopic treatment and eradication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PillCam^®Eso capsule endoscopy in this setting.MethodsProspective, multicentre study in which patients with history of oesophageal varices treated by band ligation underwent PillCam^®Eso capsule and oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy. Capsule recordings were blindly read by two endoscopists. Indication for a new prophylactic treatment and patient satisfaction were determined for both procedures.Results80 patients (80% males, mean age: 57 ± 12 years) were included, after a median delay of 16 months from last endoscopic treatment. Recurrent oesophageal varices requiring a new prophylactic treatment were detected in 26 patients (32.5%). The mean oesophageal transit time of the capsule was 153 s (range 2–930 s). Capsule sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values for indication of new prophylactic treatments were 65%, 83%, 83%, and 65%, respectively. Capsule adequately classified 77.5% of the patients for prophylaxis indication. Inter-observer concordance for capsule readings was 88% for the prophylaxis indication.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that accuracy of PillCam^®Eso capsule for the diagnosis of recurrent oesophageal varices after endoscopic eradication is suboptimal. PillCam^®Eso capsule might therefore be proposed in patients unable or unwilling to undergo oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy.     

A pilot study of capsule endoscopy after a standard meal for the detection and grading of oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients

Background

Capsule endoscopy has been proposed as an alternative to fibreoptic endoscopy for oesophageal varices evaluation in cirrhotics. However, it shows only moderate sensitivity compared to fibreoptic endoscopy.

Aim

To compare post-meal capsule endoscopy to fibreoptic endoscopy, based on the hypothesis that meal-induced increase of portal pressure can enhance its sensitivity.

Methods

Twenty-five patients were submitted to fibreoptic endoscopy and, after a standard meal, capsule endoscopy.

Results

Post-meal capsule endoscopy detected varices in the 18 patients in whom fibreoptic endoscopy detected varices plus 3 more subjects (sensitivity 100%, specificity 70%); large varices in the 4 patients in whom fibreoptic endoscopy graded varices as large, plus 5 more subjects; red markers in the 5 patients in whom fibreoptic endoscopy detected red markers, plus 3 more subjects. High-risk varices were identified in 11 patients by post-meal capsule endoscopy and in 10 by fibreoptic endoscopy (sensitivity 100%, specificity 93.8%).

Conclusions

Post-meal capsule endoscopy identified more varices, large varices and red markers than fibreoptic endoscopy. The two methods detected similar proportions of high-risk varices. These data suggest that a standard meal can enhance the sensitivity of capsule endoscopy in the detection and grading of oesophageal varices in cirrhotics.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis: An exhaustive critical update

More than five decades after it was originally conceptualized as rescue therapy for patients with intractable variceal bleeding, the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) procedure continues to remain a focus of intense clinical and biomedical research. By the impressive reduction in portal pressure achieved by this intervention, coupled with its minimally invasive nature, TIPS has gained increasing acceptance in the treatment of complications of portal hypertension. The early years of TIPS were plagued by poor long-term patency of the stents and increased incidence of hepatic encephalopathy. Moreover, the diversion of portal flow after placement of TIPS often resulted in derangement of hepatic functions, which was occasionally severe. While the incidence of shunt dysfunction has markedly reduced with the advent of covered stents, hepatic encephalopathy and instances of early liver failure continue to remain a significant issue after TIPS. It has emerged over the years that careful selection of patients and diligent post-procedural care is of paramount importance to optimize the outcome after TIPS. The past twenty years have seen multiple studies redefining the role of TIPS in the management of variceal bleeding and refractory ascites while exploring its application in other complications of cirrhosis like hepatic hydrothorax, portal hypertensive gastropathy, ectopic varices, hepatorenal and hepatopulmonary syndromes, non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis and chylous ascites. It has also been utilized to good effect before extrahepatic abdominal surgery to reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality. The current article aims to review the updated literature on the status of TIPS in the management of patients with liver cirrhosis.     

三腔二囊管和（或）内镜下注射聚桂醇治疗不宜套扎的重度食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

目的探讨三腔二囊管和(或)内镜下注射聚桂醇治疗不宜套扎的食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(Esophageal gastric variceal bleeding,EGVB)的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2008年1月～2018月10月不宜套扎的重度食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者180例,分成四组:保守治疗组、三腔二囊管组、内镜下注射聚桂醇组、三腔二囊管+内镜下注射聚桂醇组,比较四组止血率、治疗后生活质量评分、治疗后1个月、3个月和6个月静脉曲张缓解情况、副作用发生率。结果三腔二囊管+内镜下注射聚桂醇组、内镜下注射聚桂醇组、三腔二囊管组与保守治疗组比较,止血率、生活质量评分、治疗后1个月、3个月和6个月静脉曲张缓解率均显著性升高(P0.05);三腔二囊管+内镜下注射聚桂醇组、内镜下注射聚桂醇组与三腔二囊管组止血率比较,差异无统计学意义,生活质量评分、治疗后1个月、3个月和6个月静脉曲张缓解率显著性升高(P0.05);三腔二囊管+内镜下注射聚桂醇组与内镜下注射聚桂醇组止血率比较,差异无统计学意义,生活质量评分、治疗后1个月、3个月和6个月静脉曲张缓解率显著性升高(P0.05);内镜下注射聚桂醇组的副作用发生率高于三腔二囊管组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论三腔二囊管和内镜下注射聚桂醇均能有效治疗不宜套扎的重度食管胃底静脉曲张出血,聚桂醇效果更佳,联用后能增强疗效。     

2015—2017年天津市津南区咸水沽医院消化性溃疡和胃食管反流病药物使用情况分析

目的 了解天津市津南区咸水沽医院消化性溃疡和胃食管反流病药物的使用情况和变化趋势,为促使临床合理用药提供依据。方法 对2015—2017年天津市津南区咸水沽医院消化性溃疡和胃食管反流病药物的使用数量、销售金额、用药频度（DDDs）和日均用药费用（DDC）等进行统计和分析。结果 2015—2017年消化性溃疡和胃食管反流病药物的销售总金额基本呈现先上升后下降趋势,浮动不明显。在2016年其构成比达到了3.62%。胃酸分泌抑制剂的销售总金额始终居首位,胃肠动力药的销售总金额居第2位。2015—2017年,雷贝拉唑钠肠溶胶囊的排名始终排名浮动在前两位,2017年跃居首位。米索前列醇片的DDDs始终保持在第1位,兰索拉唑肠溶片和盐酸苯海拉明注射液的DDDs排名稳定。除了注射用艾司奥美拉唑钠,2015—2016年的注射用兰索拉唑,2015年的盐酸阿扎司琼氯化钠注射液,其他所有消化性溃疡和胃食管反流病药物的DDC都在100以下。结论 天津市津南区咸水沽医院消化性溃疡和胃食管反流病药物应用基本合理,但仍存在一些不足,还需进一步加强消化性溃疡和胃食管反流病药物管理。     

晚期血吸虫病食管静脉曲张套扎术后早期出血的临床分析

目的 目的 探讨晚期血吸虫病 （晚血） 食管静脉曲张套扎术 （EVL） 后早期出血的发病特点。方法 方法 回顾性研究本院 收治的206例行EVL治疗的晚血患者, 统计出现术后早期出血的例次数、 好发时间、 原因或诱因、 基础疾病、 预后等。结 结 果 果 共有17例行EVL患者发生早期出血, 其中1例死亡, 早期出血率为8.25%, 死亡率为0.5%。出血均发生于术后第4 ~ 12 天, 其中发生于术后第7 ~ 9 天的有13例 （76%）。导致出血的直接原因为套扎环脱落后创面出血; 诱因是饮食不当 （10例, 58.8%） 和腹压增加 （6例, 35%）, 不明原因1例。出血均发生于首次EVL术后肝功能Child?Pugh C级患者。结论 结论 EVL术后早期出血发病率和死亡率均较低, 好发时间为术后第7 ~ 9 天, 应注意饮食因素和护理, 肝功能Child?Pugh C级 患者是早期出血的重点高危人群。     

内镜下治疗食管-胃连通型静脉曲张的研究进展

食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化常见且危重的并发症之一,再出血率及病死率高,食管-胃连通型静脉曲张属于特殊类型静脉曲张,内镜下治疗方法主要包括内镜下静脉曲张硬化术、内镜下组织胶注射及联合序贯治疗等,但在具体方法的选择上还存在一些争议。现就近年来国内外食管-胃连通型静脉曲张内镜下治疗的进展予以综述。     

急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血行急诊经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后发生肝性脑病的危险因素分析

目的 通过临床结果分析了解急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血行急诊经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)术后肝性脑病(HE)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月-2018年12月因失代偿期肝硬化伴急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血在苏州大学附属第一医院接受内镜或者药物治疗失败,72 h内行覆膜支架TIPS治疗的93例患者的临床资料。根据术后发生HE情况分为HE组(n=36)和非HE组(n=57)。收集患者术前临床资料,包括性别、年龄、病因、合并症,血生化指标包括WBC、PLT、红细胞比积、TBil、AST、Alb、血清肌酐、PT等,根据实测值分别计算每位患者MELD评分,记录TIPS支架植入前测得的肝静脉锲压与游离压,肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)为两者的差值。计量资料两组间比较采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ^2检验。二分类变量logistic回归分析TIPS术后患者的预后危险因素。结果 术后HE发病率为38.710%,两组间术前MELD评分[(13.000±3.189)分vs(11.684±2.068)分,t=2.068,P=0.043]、HVPG[(24.908±5.317) mm Hg vs (22.597±4.928) mm Hg,t=2.100,P=0.039]差异均有统计学意义。进一步HE分级显示0~1级17例(47.222%),2级9例(25.000%),3级6例(16.667%),4级4例(11.111%)。逐步logistic回归分析发现,MELD评分[比值比(OR)=0.803,95%可信区间(95%CI): 0.679~0.948,P=0.010)和HVPG(OR=0.896,95%CI: 0.816~0.984,P=0.022)是TIPS术后HE发病的独立危险因素。结论 急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血行急诊TIPS术后HE发生率高,术前MELD评分和HVPG可预测TIPS术后HE发生风险。     

声辐射力脉冲弹性成像技术预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床价值

目的探讨声辐射力脉冲弹性成像(ARFI)技术在预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血中的临床价值。方法回顾分析2014年10月-2017年5月于解放军总医院第五医学中心就诊的271例肝硬化患者资料,所有患者均应用ARFI技术对肝脏和脾脏的超声弹性进行检测,并根据有无食管静脉曲张破裂出血将患者分为出血组(n=56)和无出血组(n=215),比较两组间相关指标的差异并结合受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评估分析ARFI弹性测值对肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的诊断价值。正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验。结果肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血组及无出血组脾脏ARFI弹性测值分别为3.89(3.49~4.11)m/s和3.46(2.93~3.80)m/s,出血组显著高于无出血组(Z=-4.941,P<0.001);出血组及无出血组肝脏ARFI弹性值分别为2.08(1.57~2.74)m/s和1.98(1.49~2.70)m/s,两组间差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.025,P=0.305)。脾脏和肝脏ARFI弹性测值预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.714和0.544(P=0.0025),以3.71 m/s作为脾脏ARFI弹性测值预测食管静脉曲张出血发生的诊断界值,其敏感度为0.68,特异度0.69。结论脾脏ARFI弹性测值较肝脏弹性测值可更有效预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的风险,具有良好的临床应用前景。