Construction of an intercultural preventive strategy of alcohol use in rural Mapuche communities: A community‐based participatory research

The research presented in this paper consists of a case study that analyses the elements necessary for a culturally grounded methodological strategy for the prevention of problematic alcohol consumption in rural Mapuche communities in the Araucanía region. To do this, we proposed to answer the questions: what are the particularities that alcohol consumption adopts in the local space? And what are the elements that should be considered for an intercultural preventive strategy for alcohol consumption? Oriented to the perspective of community‐based participatory research, data were collected through group interviews with the local community, participant observation and in‐depth interviews with people who consumed alcohol, were recovering from consumption and nondrinkers. A total of 84 people participated and the information gathered was analysed using ATLAS.ti software. The results show key aspects that must be considered for the design, including: strengthening the cultural identity, providing spaces for shared reflection in places where the community converges (schools and rural health centres), and problematising alcohol consumption from their own conceptions of normal and problematic consumption. Therefore, there is a need to focus on strengthening intracultural processes in community spaces, with a preventive strategy within the logic of action research, with increasing degrees of community participation.     

Rho相关激酶抑制剂Y27632对小鼠腔前卵泡体外发育的作用

目的 探讨Rho相关激酶（ROCK）抑制剂Y27632在小鼠腔前卵泡体外发育中的作用。 方法 取出生12.5 d的小鼠卵巢,机械法收集单枚腔前卵泡,采用超低吸附96孔板模拟3D环境对其进行培养。设置对照组和含有Y27632的实验组,通过形态学观察、卵泡直径的变化、成熟卵泡的数量、成熟卵母细胞纺锤体的变化等来评估卵泡的整体发育情况。采用Real-time PCR技术检测颗粒细胞中卵泡刺激素受体（FSHR）、卵母细胞中骨形态发生蛋白15（BMP15）、生长分化因子9（GDF9）等以及凋亡相关基因（Bad、Bax和Caspase-3）的表达情况,同时,用细胞存活染料检测卵泡发育过程中颗粒细胞的凋亡情况。 结果 ROCK抑制剂Y27632对卵泡直径增长和基本发育指标（存活数、成腔率和成熟率）无明显影响（P>0.05）,但对照组卵母细胞成熟后纺锤体组装出现异常。培养8 d后,与对照组相比,实验组颗粒细胞特异性基因FSHR上调;卵母细胞特异性基因BMP15和GDF9上调,而叉头框O3（FoxO3)下调;凋亡基因Bax、Bad和Caspase3表达下调,实验组卵泡内的颗粒细胞凋亡明显少于对照组。 结论 小鼠卵泡体外发育过程中,ROCK抑制剂Y27632能够抑制颗粒细胞的凋亡,防止卵母细胞纺锤体组装异常,进而提高卵泡体外发育质量。     

Determinants and outcomes of bloodstream infection in adults associated with one versus two sets of positive index blood cultures

ObjectivesTo investigate whether positivity in one or both index sets of blood cultures influences clinical determinants and mortality when diagnosing bloodstream infections (BSI).MethodsRetrospective population-based surveillance of all mono-microbial BSI was conducted among residents of the western interior of British Columbia. Clinical details were obtained by chart review and all-cause case-fatality was established at 30 days. Index cultures were defined as the first two sets of cultures initially drawn to diagnose incident BSI.ResultsA total of 2500 incident BSI were identified of which 945 (37.8%) and 1555 (62.2%) were based on one and two positive index cultures, respectively. There was an overall difference in the distribution of pathogens, with both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae more likely to have two positive index cultures. Different foci of infection were associated with one versus two positive index cultures. Overall, 409 patients died within 30 days of index BSI for an all-cause case-fatality of 16.4%; with no difference between two positive (250/1555; 16.1%) and one positive (159/945; 16.8%; p 0.3) index blood culture. The number of positive index blood cultures was not associated with 30-day case-fatality after adjustment for confounding variables using logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsAlthough approximately one-third of BSI are diagnosed on the basis of a single positive blood culture and are associated with different clinical determinants, whether one or both index blood cultures are positive is not associated with lethal outcome.     

Polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds and supplementation support 3D and sphere culturing of human cancer cell lines by reducing apoptosis and promoting cellular proliferation

Three-dimensional (3D) culturing mimics the heterogeneous cellular conditions of the in vivo tumor microenvironment compared to 2D monolayer-cultured cells and 3D cultures of established cancer cell lines (sphere culture) or patient-derived cancer cells (organoid culture) are frequently used for cancer research or drug screening and evaluation. To establish more cost and time-efficient 3D culture methods for cancer cell lines, we supplemented sphere culture medium with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and found that 3D sphere cultures of breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines were significantly increased. Mechanistically, we found that PVA prevented cell death and promoted cellular proliferation while maintaining levels of stemness-related gene expression. Furthermore, we showed that polyvinyl formal resin (PVF) 3D scaffolds made by cross-linked PVA can function in serum-free, long-term 3D cultures to support maintenance of sphere- or tumor-like cell masses for diverse cancer cell types. Taken together, we demonstrate the effectiveness of PVA and PVF in human cancer cell line culture protocols.     

Persistent inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm and hyphae growth on titanium by graphene nanocoating

ObjectivesCandida albicanscolonizes biomaterial surfaces and are highly resistant to therapeutics. Graphene nanocoating on titanium compromises initial biofilm formation. However, its sustained antibiofilm potential is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of graphene nanocoating to decrease long-term fungal biofilm development and hyphae growth on titanium.MethodsGraphene nanocoating was deposited twice (TiGD) or five times (TiGV) on grade 4 titanium with vacuum assisted technique and characterized with Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. The biofilm formation and hyphae growth of C. albicans was monitored for seven days by CFU, XTT, confocal, mean cell density and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Uncoated titanium was the Control. All tests had three independent biological samples and were performed in independent triplicates. Data was analyzed with one- or two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (α = 0.05).ResultsBoth TiGD and TiGV presented less biofilms at all times points compared with Control. The confocal and SEM images revealed few adhered cells on graphene coated samples, absence of hyphae and no features of a mature biofilm architecture. The increase in number of layers of graphene nanocoating did not improve its antibiofilm potential.SignificanceThe graphene nanocoating exerted a long-term persistent inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation on titanium. The fewer cells that were able to attach on graphene coated titanium were scattered and unable to form a mature biofilm with hyphae elements. The findings open opportunities to prevent microbial attachment and proliferation on implantable materials without the use of antibiotics.     

Lateral segmental mandibulectomy reconstruction with bridging reconstruction plate and anterolateral thigh free flap: a case series of 30 consecutive patients

Lateral posterior segmental mandibular defects present a reconstructive challenge and an osseous flap would be the gold standard to reconstruct such a defect. However, combining a mandibular reconstruction plate (MRP) with a soft-tissue free flap (to restore mucosal integrity and provide durable coverage of the plate itself) offers an alternative option for posterior segmental mandibular defects in patients who are not suitable for osseous reconstruction, or do not choose it. We retrospectively reviewed 30 consecutive patients (19 male and 11 female) who underwent reconstruction of a segmental mandibulectomy defect using a bridging MRP and anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap. The mean (range) age was 67 (31-87) years. The American Society of Anesthesiologists’ (ASA) status of the study population comprised Grade 1 (n = 10), Grade 2 (n = 18), and Grade 3 (n = 2). The majority of patients had oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (n = 26) involving the mandible, two had osteoradionecrosis, and two mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Four patients had complications specific to the reconstruction, and flap loss occurred in one (96.7% success rate). Metalwork infection occurred in three, including one plate extrusion and one plate fracture. The median length of stay was 10 days, and mean (range) duration of follow up 23.3 (1-96) months. This technique is an alternative reconstructive option for the non-tooth-bearing mandible. Reconstructing a posterolateral segmental mandibulectomy defect with a bridging MRP and ALT free flap offers a robust reconstructive alternative with a favourable complication profile.     

柳州地区6876例产前诊断羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的分析妊娠中期进行产前诊断的高危孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,了解此期异常核型出现的频率及类型。方法6887例具备产前诊断指征的妊娠妇女,在知情选择的情况下行羊膜腔穿刺术及染色体核型检测。结果6876例羊水细胞培养成功,成功率为99．84％（6876／6887）。在6876例羊水细胞培养成功的染色体核型中,检出异常核型107例,异常率为1．56％,常见核型为三体型,占异常核型47．66％。结论羊水细胞学检查作为一项产前诊断技术对于指导优生优育,降低缺陷儿的出生具有重要意义。     

Separation and loss through immigration of African Caribbean women to the UK

Abstract

This paper reports on 20 women born in the Caribbean whose birth mothers left them there as young children in the care of grandmothers or other members of their extended family. This was in order to migrate to Great Britain during the late 1950s through the 1970s in search of economic prosperity, and reunification with the father/husband already working in the UK. The reunions occurred typically more than a decade later, in the child's adolescence, when mother and child were meeting as if for the first time. The sample of women was divided into two groups, one who was receiving or had received counselling or psychotherapy, and those who had no experience of therapy. Using a semi-structured Interview Schedule (the Separation Reunion Interview Schedule developed for this study), the narratives obtained suggested coherence and reflection. There was little difference in the reactions to the separation – reunion experience of the women in both groups. They all expressed difficulties in trusting others. They also expressed longing to be loved by their own mothers and they felt less wanted than any children (siblings) born in Britain to their mothers. They attributed their resilient stance and survival to their ability to recall the memories of care received during their early years. The study raises many questions and highlights the need for further research on broken attachments, separation, and loss among entire Caribbean families.     

一线临床护士护理信息能力对病人安全文化认知的影响研究

目的:调查一线临床护士护理信息能力对病人安全文化认知的影响。方法:采用护士基本资料调查问卷、护理信息能力量表、医院病人安全文化认知量表对231名一线临床护士进行问卷调查。结果:一线临床护士护理信息技能总得分为(94.43±17.86)分,对病人安全文化认知总得分为(132.66±19.52)分;护理信息技能得分及各个维度得分与对病人安全文化认知呈正相关(P<0.05);职称、文化水平、护理信息能力是影响护士对病人安全文化认知主要因素(P<0.01)。结论:一线临床护士护理信息能力总体水平较低,对病人安全文化认知为中等水平。管理者应提高护士护理信息能力,进而提升对病人安全文化认知水平,为临床护理安全奠定基础。