生活污水浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群浓度的关系

目的：了解污水净化处理前后水中浑浊度与CODcr(化学耗氧量)、BOD5(生化需氧量)及粪大肠菌群浓度之间的关系。方法：于污水净化处理前后，分别取水样测定水中浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度，并将相同水样测得的浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度配对作相关分析。结果：污水净化处理前后水中浑浊度高时，CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度也高，当水中浑浊度低时，CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度也低，浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群之间存在着密切的正相关。结论：污水净化处理过程中可以通过测定水中浑浊度的高低来间接反映污水净化处理的效果。浑浊度测定方法简单，易于操作，适合于基层单位评价水质净化处理效果。     

医院病原菌分布特征及耐药谱的研究

目的 :了解医院病原菌分布情况及耐药趋势 ,为临床用药和控制医院内感染提供科学依据。方法 :统计分析2 0 0 3年 1月至 1 2月间医院病原菌的分离结果及药敏试验结果。结果 :1 1 2 8株 (6 0种 )病原菌中 ,真菌 4 5 3株 ,占 4 0 .1 6 %;革兰阴性菌 4 2 7株 ,占 37.85 %;革兰阳性菌 2 4 8株 ,占 2 1 .99%.医院病原菌依次为白色念珠菌、大肠埃希菌、溶血葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、表皮葡萄球菌及热带念珠菌等。药敏试验结果显示 ,革兰阳性菌存在广泛耐药性 ,其首选药为万古霉素 ;革兰阴性菌对第 3代头孢菌素的耐药率已在 5 0 %左右 ,有的甚至高达 90 %以上 ,治疗革兰阴性菌感染的首选药为舒普深 ;真菌对益康唑和酮康唑也产生了一定的耐药性 ,其首选药物为制霉菌素和咪康唑。结论 :医院病原菌以真菌为主 ,以白色念珠菌多见。病原菌耐药性广泛 ,临床上应在药敏指导下合理使用抗生素 ,以减少耐药菌株的产生和降低院内感染。     

细胞壁缺陷对白喉棒状杆菌Tox基因影响

目的探讨细胞壁缺陷对白喉棒状杆菌毒力基因及其表达的影响。方法以非高渗分离培养法诱导并获得产毒性白喉棒状杆菌稳定L型纯培养物，提取白喉棒状杆菌稳定L型的染色体DNA，用Tox基因特异性引物进行PCR扩增，并进行序列测定和分析。分别采用对流免疫电泳（CIEP）和十二烷基磺酸钠-不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）检测白喉棒状杆菌稳定L型可溶性代谢产物中的白喉毒素蛋白质。结果白喉棒状杆菌在氨苄青霉素作用下可发生细胞壁缺陷而成为L型，该稳定L型的传代培养物可仍然保留同其亲代细菌型一致的Tox基因及其核苷酸序列；但在其可溶性代谢产物中并未检测到白喉毒素蛋白质。结论白喉棒状杆菌稳定L型虽然保留了Tox基因但并不能表达白喉毒素蛋白质，提示细胞壁缺陷可影响Tox基因在宿主菌细胞内的表达。     

自制裸磁珠对常见食源性致病菌吸附性能的研究

目的：研究自制裸磁珠对常见食源性致病菌和卫生指示菌的吸附性能，摸索从样品中快速分离和浓集细菌的方法。方法：试验裸磁珠对细菌的吸附性能，摸索温度和样品成分对其吸附性能的影响。结果：自制裸磁珠在37℃对常见食源性致病菌和卫生指示菌有很强的吸附，吸附率均高于97％。食品成分对其吸附有一定影响，吸附率最低为58．42％。结论：自制裸磁珠可望用于环境和食品样品中多种细菌的非特异性吸附分离和浓集，值得进一步研究和推广。     

44例流行性脑脊髓膜炎的调查分析

目的:为流行性脑脊髓膜炎(以下简称流脑)的防治和病人标本采样提供科学依据。方法:分析2004年冬至2005年春蚌埠市监测的44例流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行病学和临床特征以及标本检验结果,运用流行病学和卫生统计学方法对各种结果进行分析、比较。结果:流脑发病以6至20岁之间的且有聚集性工作或学习倾向的年龄为主,C群流脑占培养分群样本的2/3,对病人瘀点瘀斑(或脑脊液)进行涂片镜检阳性检出率高于其他标本检验。结论:本次流行以C群流脑为主,病情重,应采取全人群接种流脑(A C)疫苗。用过抗生素的病人再采集血标本意义不大。     

超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染监测及危险因素的临床研究

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌感染的发病情况,探讨其危险因素,以便预防和控制产 ESBLs细菌感染的流行和暴发. 方法分析我院2002年2月～2003年2月间产生ESBLs细菌感染的病例. 结果检出产ESBLs细菌67株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌31株,大肠埃希菌29株,阴沟肠杆菌6株,产酸克雷伯菌1株;分析研究发现,患者长期使用三代头孢菌素、入住ICU、长期住院、转院,免疫功能低下与感染有密切关系. 结论产ESBLs细菌的日益增多,其中以下呼吸道、皮肤粘膜感染较多;与患者病情严重、长期使用广谱高效抗生素、免疫功能低下有关;隔离ESBLs患者、严格控制广谱抗生素的应用、严格执行消毒隔离措施、广泛开展超广谱β-内酰胺酶的监测是预防和控制ESBLs细菌感染的重要措施.     

Epidemiologic Correlation and Drug Resistance Analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria in Different Open Limb Injury External Conditions

ObjectiveTo study the epidemiological correlation and drug resistance of external factors of infection caused by open injury of limbs to pathogens.MethodsThis experiment is a retrospective study. We took the geographical location and climate of Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China as the background, analyzed 2017 strains of pathogens from 1589 patients with limb trauma infection in a University Affiliated Hospital from 2012 to 2017. Patients were divided into three groups according to the type of incision: I, In‐hospital infection of clean limb incision, II, In‐hospital infection with open injury, III, Community infection with open injury of the limb. Groups II and Groups III were divided into six subgroups according to the causes of trauma, including: accidents from non‐motor vehicles, machinery, cutting/piercing, pedestrian injuries, struck by/against, pedal cycles, and other injuries. We found eight common pathogens of orthopedic infection, which were mainly divided into Gram‐positive bacteria (G+, mainly including Staphylococcus) and Gram‐negative bacteria (G‐, mainly Enterobacteriaceae). The relationship between main pathogens and damage mechanism, apparent temperature and relative humidity was discussed in this study. SPSS v22.0 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Friedman''s two‐way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between the injury mechanism and incidence of pathogenic bacteria. Linear regression was used to determine the trend between the incidence of major pathogens and seasonal temperature and humidity. The level of significance was set as P < 0.05.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the distribution of pathogens between Groups II and Groups III (P>0.05). The drug resistance of Groups III was significantly higher than that of Groups II and Groups I. G+ bacteria were resistant to cephalosporin, ceftriaxone and other cephalosporins and erythromycin and other macrolides. They were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. G‐ were resistant to the first‐ and the second‐generation cephalosporins, including cefotetan and cefazolin, and ampicillin and other penicillins, while they were sensitive to third‐generation cephalosporins, such as ceftazidime, as well as to levofloxacin and other quinolones, meropenem, and other beta‐lactamases. The correlation between the injury mechanism and infection of pathogenic bacteria was not significant. The monthly average apparent temperature and relative humidity were correlated with the infection rate of pathogenic bacteria.ConclusionIn open injury of extremities, apparent temperature and relative humidity is an important risk factor for infection by pathogenic bacteria and the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in out‐of‐hospital infection was lower than that of hospital infection.     

肠杆菌目细菌产耐碳青霉烯酶的基因分型检测方法进展

由耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌（carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales,CRE）引起的感染,尤其是血流感染,可导致较高的患者死亡率,给临床治疗带来很大挑战。目前只有数种新型抗生素可用于CRE相关感染,如头孢他啶-阿维巴坦。但头孢他啶-阿维巴坦对产金属β内酰胺酶的CRE没有活性,因此快速、准确地检测CRE菌株的碳青霉烯酶种类,对临床合理选择抗生素至关重要。目前检测肠杆菌目细菌耐碳青霉烯类药物的基因分型的实验方法主要包括表型方法、分子生物学检测方法、质谱方法,各有优缺点,本文对此进行总结。     

The Complex Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Food Detoxification

Toxic ingredients in food can lead to serious food-related diseases. Such compounds are bacterial toxins (Shiga-toxin, listeriolysin, Botulinum toxin), mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin), pesticides of different classes (organochlorine, organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroids), heavy metals, and natural antinutrients such as phytates, oxalates, and cyanide-generating glycosides. The generally regarded safe (GRAS) status and long history of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as essential ingredients of fermented foods and probiotics make them a major biological tool against a great variety of food-related toxins. This state-of-the-art review aims to summarize and discuss the data revealing the involvement of LAB in the detoxification of foods from hazardous agents of microbial and chemical nature. It is focused on the specific properties that allow LAB to counteract toxins and destroy them, as well as on the mechanisms of microbial antagonism toward toxigenic producers. Toxins of microbial origin are either adsorbed or degraded, toxic chemicals are hydrolyzed and then used as a carbon source, while heavy metals are bound and accumulated. Based on these comprehensive data, the prospects for developing new combinations of probiotic starters for food detoxification are considered.     

Zoonotic Transmission of Diphtheria from Domestic Animal Reservoir,Spain

Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans is as an emerging zoonotic agent of diphtheria. We describe the zoonotic transmission of diphtheria caused by toxigenic C. ulcerans from domestic animals in Spain, confirmed by core-genome multilocus sequence typing. Alongside an increasing number of recent publications, our findings highlight the public health threat posed by diphtheria reemergence.