Use of "time windows" to investigate lung cancer latency intervals at an Ontario steel plant

This paper describes an application of the time windows method to an examination of the temporal pattern of lung cancer risk among steel workers. Case-control methodology was utilized. The cases were 36 men who had died of lung cancer and the controls were 289 men who had died of any other cause. The number of years of employment in the steel pouring area was used as a surrogate measure of exposure. The data were examined by contingency table analysis and by logistic regression, which permitted adjustment for exposures in multiple time windows and the use of continuous, rather than categorical, measures of exposure. It was found that lung cancer risk was associated with exposures occurring between 18 and 30 years before death. It cannot yet be determined whether this time course reflects a biological response or the temporal pattern of exposure to an as yet unidentified toxic agent.     

论医德建设的目标模式与医德构建

医学活动中各种不良现象的滋生和蔓延，与经济转轨和社会转型过程中医德价值观念的混乱、医德规范的失准、医德秩序的失衡无序密切相关。这种混乱无序的状况，对于医学科学和医疗卫生事业的发展是十分有害的。必须及早构建和确立与社会主义市场经济相适应的医德建设目标模式，重构医德规范和价值体系，力促医德秩序走向有序。     

先兆子痫终止妊娠时机及方式的探讨(附110例分析)

本文对110例先兆子痫病人终止妊娠的时机及方式进行探讨,结果表明孕周达36～37周的23例中无1例并发症发生,其新生儿窒息及围产儿死亡率均<36孕周组和>37孕周组。以剖宫产作为先兆子痫终止妊娠方式的43例中,新生儿窒息和围产儿死亡率低于阴道分娩组。故认为:先兆子痫在36～37孕周时终止妊娠对母儿影响最小,剖宫产可作为终止妊娠的重要措施。<32孕周新生儿成活率低,采用芫花引产术为宜。     

Mucosal prelamination of a radial forearm flap for intraoral reconstruction

Until now the microvascular fasciocutaneous radial forearm flap has been one of several methods favoured for reconstruction of intraoral soft tissue defects after radical resection of squamous cell carcinoma. Mucosal reconstruction and lining has been performed by a skin island, this is epidermis and cannot produce mucus. In order to provide mucosal properties and allow mucus production, a distal radial forarm flap has been successfully prelaminated with buccal mucosa in five patients. By this method thin, pliable and resistant flaps have been produced. Due to mucosal spreading, the mucosa lined area was 30–50% larger than the originally inserted mucosal grafts. Preservation of skin and subcutaneous tisssue lowered donor site morbidity. This technique has also been performed in axial pattern flaps; two osteofasciomucosal fibulae and three myomucosal pectoralis major flaps. Received: 17 July 1997 / Accepted: 15 October 1997     

A field model of left-right asymmetries in the pattern regulation of a cell

Dynamical models can offer insights into important aspects ofpatterns that recur throughout the biological world, such asglobal symmetries, mirror images, and pattern reversals, etc.Building on phenomenological rules of pattern formation (e.g.E. M. Nelsen and J. Frankel, 1986, Dev. Biol. 114, 53), theauthor developed a mathematical model of a morphogenetic field,expressed as a vector field, which contains the informationto specify a pattern. The dynamics of the field arises fromthe minimization of a nonlinear energy density functional, aquartic polynomial of the field together with field gradienteffects. This model was successfully applied in detail to surfacepatterns observed in right-handed Tetrahymena, where reproducibleregions of left- and right-handed domains appear during regulation.Counterpart experiments on left-handed patterned cells suggestan intrinsic asymmetry between right- and left-handed patterningin this biological system, causing left-handed cells to followdifferent regulation pathways from the right-handed cells. Weshow that the energy minimization approach can account for thisglobally different behaviour in a version of the model withsmall local asymmetry.     

The radiographic trabecular bone pattern during menopause

The purpose of this study is to increase the diagnostic value of radiographs by observing the radiographic trabecular pattern during occasions of changing three-dimensional bone structure. We explored how the shape of the radiographic trabecular pattern of the distal radius relates to bone mineral density, time, and menopausal status. We found that the trabecular pattern correlates with bone mineral density and time, especially in the early years of the climacterium.     

孕期避孕指导对产后避孕行为的影响

目的　了解孕期给予避孕指导对产后避孕方法选择、使用率及其产后 1年内再次妊娠率的影响。　方法　募集 5 2 7名孕妇 ,随机分为干预组和对照组 ,干预组在孕期接受专家的避孕指导 ,对照组接受常规的孕期教育。干预组 2 5 4例和对照组 2 6 3例在产后 16周及 2 4 6例和 2 4 9例在 5 2周接受随访。　结果　产后 16周 2组各种避孕方法使用率差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,已恢复性生活者中干预组的避孕率 97.8(178/ 182 )高于对照组 92 .8% (192 / 2 0 7)差异有显著性 (χ2 =4 .5 7,P>0 .0 5 ) ;2组有 4 3.7% (2 2 6 / 5 17)的对象夫妇采用避孕套 ;平均性生活恢复和产后避孕开始使用之间的时距 ,干预组为 (0 .2± 0 .9)周 ,对照组为 (0 .3± 1.2 )周 ,差异无显著性 ;产后 16周表示产后未来 8个月内可能更换现用避孕方法的有 5 2 .2 % (2 70 / 5 17) ,其中约 30 %的准备放置宫内节育器。在产后5 2周时 ,干预组 5 1.6 % (12 7/ 2 4 6 )和对照组 4 0 .2 % (10 0 / 2 4 9)的使用避孕套 ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =6 .2 7,P>0 .0 5 ) ,但其他避孕方法差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;干预组 2 .8% (7/ 2 4 6 )和对照组 2 .0 %(5 / 2 4 9)曾经使用过紧急避孕方法 ,2组共 79.6 % (394 / 4 95 )从未听说过紧急避孕方法或仅一知半解     

企、事业医院改革模式研究

通过企事业医院资源配置现状的研究。发现企事业医院资源配置中存在的问题，同时，详细地分析了目前各地在企事业医院改革过程中所采用的各种模式，据此提出今后在区域卫生规划中进一步做好企事业医院改革的政策建议。