Echocardiographic assessment of patent ductus arteriosus shunt flow pattern in premature infants

AIMS—To identify the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunt flow pattern using Doppler echocardiography; and to assess whether it could be used to predict the development of clinically significant PDA.
METHODS—Premature infants weighing under 1500 g, who required mechanical ventilation, and in whom daily echocardiography could be performed from day 1 until the ductus closed, and on day 7 to confirm closure, were studied. The PDA shunt flow was identified from four Doppler patterns, and the closed pattern of a closed duct was also presented. Clinically significant PDA was diagnosed when there was colour Doppler echocardiographic evidence of left to right ductal shunt associated with at least two of the following clinical signs: heart murmur (systolic or continuous); persistent tachycardia (heart rate>160/min); hyperactive precordial pulsation; bounding pulses; and radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly or pulmonary congestion.
RESULTS—Of 68 infants enrolled into this study, clincally significant PDA developed in 31. The most recordable sequence of transition change of shunt flow pattern for clinically significant PDA was: pulmonary hypertension pattern, to growing pattern, to pulsatile pattern, to closing pattern, to closed pattern. And that for non-clinically significant PDA was: pulmonary hypertension pattern, to closing pattern, to closed pattern. The growing and the pulsatile patterns were mostly documented in infants with clinically significant PDA. The first documented growing pattern to predict clinically significant PDA gave a sensitivity of 64.5% and a specificity of 81.1%; the first documented pulsatile pattern gave a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 100%.
CONCLUSION—Doppler echocardiographic assessment of PDA shunt flow pattern during the first 4 days of life is useful for predicting the development of clinically significant PDA in premature infants. At that stage, the closing or closed Doppler pattern indicates that infants are not at risk of developing clinically significant PDA; the growing or pulsatile Doppler pattern indicates a continuing risk of developing clinically significant PDA.

     

人体寄生虫虫卵图像的自动识别

本文对显微医学图像的自动识别进行了初步研究，在微型计算机上实现了血吸虫等十余种人体寄生虫虫卵显微图像的预处理、分割、特征提取及识别与分类。通过对一批检验样本的识别分类，取得了正确率为９２％的较好结果。     

Geographic Clustering Patterns in Mortality from Biliary Tract Cancer in Japan

We calculated the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of biliary tract cancer (BTC) in Japan from 1981 to 1990 and statistically analyzed the results according to 333 Secondary Areas of Medical Care, as well as sex and subsite [gallbladder cancer (GBC) and extrahepatic bile duct cancer (BDC)], in order to examine geographic clustering patterns of BTC. In GBC in both sexes, the Secondary Areas of Medical Care with high SMRs were clustered in the eastern part of Japan. In BDC in both sexes, the Areas with high SMRs were clustered between the northern and eastern parts of Japan. In comparison with GBC, this clustering favored the northern part of Japan. In males, the clustering pattern in mortality from BTC was mainly due to the occurrence of BDC. In females, the clustering pattern in mortality from BTC reflected that of GBC. The clustering of BTC, especially GBC, seems to be related to the distribution of plains, basins, and rivers.     

Reduction of gait data variability using curve registration

Timing in peak gait values shifts slightly between gait trials. When averaged, the standard deviation (S.D.) in gait data may increase due to this inter-trial variability unless normalization is carried out beforehand. The objective of this study was to determine how curve registration, an alignment technique, can reduce inter-subject variability in gait data without perturbing the curve characteristics. Twenty young, healthy men participated in this study each providing a single gait trial. Gait was assessed by means of a four-camera high-speed video system synchronized to a force plate. A rigid body three-segment model was used in an inverse dynamic approach to calculate three-dimensional muscle powers at the hip, knee and ankle. Curve registration was applied to each of the 20 gait trials to align the peak powers. The mean registered peak powers increased by an average of 0.10±0.13 W/kg with the highest increases in the sagittal plane at push-off. After performing curve registration, the RMS values decreased by 13.6% and the greatest reduction occurred at the hip and knee, both in the sagittal plane. No important discontinuities were reported in the first and second derivatives of the unregistered and registered curves. Curve registration did not have much effect on the harmonic content. This would be an appropriate technique for application prior to any statistical analysis using able-bodied gait patterns.     

新型农村合作医疗建立及对农村居民健康保障研究

合作医疗已成为上海农村的基本医疗保险制度。调查表明，合作医疗制度覆盖人群广，参保人群门诊就医及“小病”的就医基本得到保障。文章提出，建立新型合作医疗制度，政府必须制订刚性的政策，提高基金的缴费标准，加强对定点医院及就医者的管理，并建立区、市住院基金统筹制度，提高合作医疗基金的社会化、信息化的管理水平，提高合作医疗的保障水平。     

慢性肾功能衰竭中医证候学的临床研究

目的：观察慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)与中医证型的关系。方法：选择慢性肾功能衰竭各期患者210例，根据中医辨证分型表格观察中医正虚证和邪实证分布情况及中医正虚证与邪实证兼夹情况。结果：CRF正虚证以脾肾气虚型最为多见，其次为气阴两虚型，最少为阴阳两虚型。而且CRF可同时出现两个或多个邪实证的临床表现，以尿毒症出现各种邪实证候最多。结论：正虚证与邪实证的兼夹出现是CRF的临床特征，尤其是晚期CRF证候有相当的复杂性。     

Spatial encoding properties of subnucleus reticularis dorsalis neurons in the rat medulla

Denervation of the synergists of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle in the cat hind leg results in a progressive increase in the magnitude of burst activity in the MG muscle during walking. The increase in burst magnitude is associated with an increase in the slope of the relationship between the magnitude of individual MG bursts and the amplitude of ankle flexion during stance. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the increase in MG burst magnitude is due to an increase in gain of reflex pathways reinforcing the activation of MG. The increase in slope is use-dependent since it was not observed when the leg was released from a cast that immobilized the leg for 6 days.     

新型卫生投入政策研究

本文提出了一整套新型卫生投入政策方案，总目标是建立起“四级两块式”卫生投入政策，具体目标模式有：改革卫生投入方式，实行“五级浮动式”医疗价格体制，建立医疗价格政策性补贴，增加公共卫生投入，整合卫生资源。并进行可行性论证。     

中国慢性病控制中膳食关键因素的研究

目的分析膳食结构对健康的影响，探讨预防人群慢性病和促进健康的膳食关键因素。方法以“2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查”数据为基础，首先根据粮谷类食物供能比、碳水化合物供能比、脂肪供能比等膳食结构指标的人群分布及已有的推荐标准，将人群分为若干水平组，然后采用协方差分析方法分析不同组别在调整年龄、性别、地区等因素后常见慢性病指标的差异，并用logistic回归模型计算控制混杂因素（年龄、性别、地区、能量摄入、非睡眠静态牛活时间等）后，人群慢性病患病率随膳食结构变化的趋势及不同膳食结构下人群患各种慢性病的相对危险度（OR），进行趋势检验。结果随着粮谷类食物供能比的增加，人群体重指数（BMI）、血浆总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白月日固醇（LDL—C）水平均显著下降，患超重、肥胖、高血压、高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症的风险显著降低，人群低体重患病率则上升；随着碳水化合物供能比的增加，人群BMI、TC、LDL—C水平下降，相应人群超重及肥胖、高胆固醇血症、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症的患病风险越低，但在粮谷类食物供能比〉75％时，人群低体重患病率则明显卜升；而脂肪供能比越高，人群BMI、TC、LDL—C水平均显著上升，相应人群超重及肥胖、高胆固醇血症、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症的患病风险也增加，人群低体重率则降低。结论保持粮谷类食物占适宜比例的膳食结构，坚持按照中国居民膳食指南的建议，对于维护健康和预防慢性病具有重要意义；现有中国居民的膳食结构如能加以适当调整，是一种较好的膳食结构。     

补中益气汤临床新用

补中益气汤在临床应用范围广泛,涉及病种多,例举该方在痿证、头痛、气短、发热、尿浊5个不同疾病治疗经验,认为该5病案辨病虽无类同之处,而辨证都可归属“脾气虚弱证”,均可用补中益气汤加减治疗。阐明方证对应是重要前提,辨证论治的优势不容置疑。