药用植物中转基因元件筛查策略研究

通过对已有药用植物转基因研究文献进行总结分析,为药用植物和中药材转基因监管提供有效策略。采用关键词检索法对中国知网和SCI两大数据库进行查询,建立48种常用药用植物转基因研究中常用表达元件的数据库,分析转基因元件使用情况,并总结外源转基因的筛查策略。获得1993年4月至2016年5月的转基因研究文献281篇,包括中文文献230篇,英文文献51篇。40.4%的中文文献和54.9%的英文文献研究目的为优化药用植物遗传转化体系。常用启动子包括P-35S、P-Ubi、P-GPD和P-act,其中P-35S的使用频率最高,为68.7%。常用标记基因包括NPTII、HPT、Gent、Bar和aad A,其中NPTII的使用频率最高,为37.4%。常用报告基因包括GUS和GFP,GUS使用频率达到35.2%。常用终止子包括T-NOS、T-35S和T-OCS,其中T-NOS的使用频率最高,为58%。对各元件进行配组分析,发现"P-35S+T-NOS+NPTII+GUS"组合筛选成功率为86.1%,在此基础上加入有一定使用频率的HPT、Bar和GFP,对药用植物转基因元件的筛查率达到91.5%。对于使用同源或内源启动子、标记基因和终止子的研究,可基于T-DNA边界序列进行转基因检测。     

儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘中医证素分布规律研究

[目的]通过问卷调查的形式结合证素辨证方法学探讨儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的中医病位、病性证素特点及其组合规律,为提高儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘临床辨证论治水平以及制定防治方案提供依据。[方法]以广东省中医院儿科门诊部符合诊断标准的91例患者为研究对象,进行问卷调查,收集四诊资料,根据"证候辨证素"量表找到每一症状对各证素的权值,最后计算各症状对各证素权值之和,超过阈值100分的证素则判断成立,分析病位证素、病性证素以及病位与病性证素组合规律。[结果]咳嗽变异性哮喘中,病位证素共7个,肺为核心病位,其出现的频率(97.80%)明显高于其他病位证素,病位证素表(95.60%)相对常见,其他病位证素依次为脾(57.14%)、胃(29.67%)、肾(3.30%)、心(3.30%)、肝(1.10%)。病位肺、表、脾、胃等4个证素平均积分超过150分。病位证素组合以二病位、三病位、四病位为主,单一病位出现频率较低。病性证素方面,实性病性有9个,虚性病性4个。实性病性中,病性痰(53.85%)出现频率最高,病性外风(45.05%)、寒(40.66%)、湿(27.47%)等相对常见,病性饮(10.99%)、气滞(8.79%)、热(4.40%)、燥(4.40%)、食积(3.30%)等出现频数较低。虚性病性证素依次为气虚、阳虚、血虚、阴虚,出现频率分别为:87.91%、69.23%、50.55%、26.37%,虚性病性气虚、阳虚平均积分超过150,提示为重度病变;病性证素组合中,二病性组合最常见,频数、频率为61例(67.76%),其次为单一病性证素,频数与频率为19例(21.11%)。病位与病性组合形式中,二病位与单一病性组合"肺+表+气虚"出现频数与频率为76例(83.52%),三病位与单一病性证素组合"肺+表+脾+气虚"出现频率为51例(56.04%)。[结论]咳嗽变异性哮喘核心病位在肺,与表、脾相关;其发病虚实互见,气虚、阳虚在本病发生、发展中具有重要意义;痰、风等为主要实性病性,其中痰为主要病理产物,亦是主要病因。     

产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs基因与可移动遗传元件相关性分析

目的 了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrum beta-lactamases, ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kpn)ESBLs基因与可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs)标记基因的携带情况及其相关性。方法 收集从住院患者标本中分离出的产与非产ESBLs Kpn非重复菌株各100株，采用PCR检测细菌中4种ESBLs基因与8种MGEs标记基因，并作指标聚类分析。结果 产ESBLs Kpn中，ESBLs基因阳性率高达100%；MGEs标记基因以IS26、ISEcp1、traA、trbC和intI1基因为主，阳性率高于非产ESBLs Kpn(P<0.05)；ESBLs基因与MGEs标记基因的同时检出率明显高于非产ESBLs Kpn (P<0.05)；基因blaSHV-12、blaOXA-1与MGEs基因tnpU、tnp513、merA、intI1相关联，基因blaTEM-1、blaCTX-M-125与MGEs基因ISEcp1、IS26、traA相关联。产与非产ESBLs Kpn均没有只检出MGEs标记基因的菌株。结论 产ESBLs Kpn ESBLs基因和MGEs标记基因携带率高，两者存在相关性，可能是产ESBLs Kpn出现多重耐药的重要原因；MGEs标记基因在Kpn中可能不是单独存在的。     

甲醛染毒对雄性大鼠脏器及血清微量元素的影响

目的探讨甲醛染毒对雄性大鼠脏器及血清微量元素的影响.方法选用体重(110～130)g Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为4组, 染毒浓度分别为,高浓度组:(119.6±15.4) mg/m3、中浓度组:(25.2±4.6) mg/m3、低浓度组:(4.8±1.3) mg/m3和对照组;室内空气,采用静式吸入法,每天染毒1h,连续染毒9w后处死,测定大鼠各脏器的脏器系数、甲醛浓度、及大鼠血清中Fe,Cu,Zn的含量.结果高剂量组雄性大鼠肺、肾和肝脏中甲醛浓度明显高于对照组,各染毒组雄性大鼠体重明显低于对照组(P<0.05),高剂量组雄性大鼠各脏器的脏器系数与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),雄性大鼠血清中锌含量明显降低、铜含量显著升高(P<0.05).结论长期高剂量吸入甲醛可影响雄性大鼠的生长及其血清Cu、Zn水平,并可损伤雄性大鼠的肝、肺、肾、心、脑、睾丸.     

论中医和希腊医学哲学理论的异同

中国和希腊,看似遥远的两个国家在古代哲学思想方面却近乎一致。古人一直在探寻自然现象的本质问题,并一直在试图回答这些系统联系的基础。在诸多问题中,他们最感兴趣的是天体运动,健康与疾病的相互关系,以及物质运动的原理。通过探究两种不同文化背景基础哲学理论的异同。     

不同产地冻干地黄中5种重金属及有害元素的含量测定

摘 要 目的： 用火焰原子吸收分光光度计和原子双道荧光光度计分别对不同产地冻干地黄中的Pb、Cd、Cu、As和Hg 5种重金属和有害元素进行检测。方法: 采用硝酸-高氯酸对样品进行消化后,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定Pb、Cd和Cu含量,采用原子荧光光度法测定As和Hg的含量。 结果: 各元素线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.997 4,平均回收率为97.88%～100.90%,RSD为0.019%～4.20%（n=6）,同时发现10批样品中的4批样品部分重金属和有害元素超过《中国药典》限量标准。 结论:该方法准确度高,操作简便,快捷,适用于冻干地黄中重金属和有害元素的测定。     

Advances in hepatitis C: What is coming in the next 5 years?

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Numerous advances have been made in the understanding of HCV replication, including detailed molecular characterization of its viral proteins and genomic RNA. The inability to grow HCV in cell culture had impeded the development of antiviral agents against this virus. To overcome this obstacle, a number of unique tools have been prepared, such as molecular clones that are infectious in the chimpanzee animal model of infection, and the development of a subgenomic replicon system in Huh7 cells. In addition, the major non-structural proteins have been crystallized, thus enabling rational drug design directed to these targets. Current developments in antiviral agents are reviewed in the context of these potential new viral targets for the future treatment of HCV in chronically infected individuals.     

Chronic Idiopathic Cough: A Discrete Clinical Entity?

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Despite the success of specialist cough clinics, there is increasing recognition of a subgroup of chronic coughers in whom a diagnosis cannot be made even after thorough, systematic investigation. We call this condition chronic idiopathic cough (CIC). The aim of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics of CIC patients with those of coughers in whom a diagnosis has been established (non-CIC) to see if there is a recognizable clinical pattern that distinguishes CIC from non-CIC. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the medical records of chronic cough patients. SETTING: The Royal Brompton Hospital Chronic Cough Clinic, London. PATIENTS: One hundred patients with chronic cough referred to the Royal Brompton Hospital Cough Clinic between October 2000 and February 2004. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of all patients were female. Median age was 57 years (range, 19 to 81 years), with a median duration of symptoms of 48 months (range, 2 to 384 months). The primary diagnoses were CIC (42%), postnasal drip syndromes (22%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (16%), asthma (7%), and others (13%). In CIC patients, the median age at referral, age at onset of cough, and proportion of females did not differ significantly from non-CIC patients. CIC patients had a longer median duration of cough (72 months vs 24 months, p = 0.002), were more likely to report an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) as the initial trigger of their cough (48% vs 24%, p = 0.0014), and had a significantly lower cough threshold in response to capsaicin (log concentration of capsaicin required to induce five or more coughs, - 0.009 vs 0.592, p = 0.032) than non-CIC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CIC commonly describe a URTI that initiates their cough, which then lasts for many years, and they demonstrate an exquisitely sensitive cough reflex. We believe that CIC may be a distinct clinical entity with an as-yet unidentified underlying pathology.