纤支镜检查对肺癌诊断价值的探讨：附1245例临床分析

本文总结我们10年间经纤支镜诊断为肺癌的患者1245例,病理学检查阳性例数1102例其中鳞癌578例(52.45％),未分化癌274例(24.86％),腺癌213例(19.32％)未定型37例(3.35％)。讨论结果认为纤支镜检查对肺癌早期诊断,肿瘤定位、活检定性以及对选择治疗等均优于其它方法。并通过大量资料表明,凡具有可疑肺癌的临床症状及X线征象者均应及时进行纤支镜检查,特别是年龄在40岁以上,同时出现多项可疑临床症状及X线可疑征象者,其支气管肺癌的可能性极大。     

The effect of introducing fibreoptic bronchoscopes on gas flow in laryngeal masks and tracheal tubes

The laryngeal mask airway, reinforced laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube were studied to determine (1) flow resistance during simulated inspiration and (2) the maximum size of fibreoptic scope which can he passed down the lumen at clinically useful ventilatory settings. In addition, the flow resistance imposed by the mask aperature bars was quantified. The laryngeal mask airway can accommodate a larger fibrescope than the corresponding sizes of reinforced laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube. Mean (range)flow resistance was 2.3 (1.7-35) times higher with the reinforced laryngeal mask airway compared to the laryngeal mask airway, 2.1 (1.2-4.2) times higher with the tracheal tube compared with the laryngeal mask airway and 1.2 (0.7-1.8) times lower with the tracheal compared with the reinforced laryngeal mask airway. Removal of the mask aperture bars resulted in a mean decrease in flow resistance of 3.6%. Our data have shown that the laryngeal mask airway can accommodate a larger fibrescope than either the reinforced laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube at clinically useful ventilatory settings and that the current recommendations for maximum size of fibrescope should be revised.     

Management of the difficult airway A case of failed fiberoptic intubation

Background: Fiberoptic intubation is the current gold standard for the management of difficult intubation. Nevertheless, in rare circumstances even fiberoptic intubation fails.
Methods: We describe the case of a female patient suffering from neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen and a giant malignant schwannoma on the neck obstructing the pharynx and compromizing respiration. Based on the clinical presentation and the MRI findings, difficulties in airway management were anticipated and fiberoptic intubation of the awake patient was planned.
Results: After localizing the vocal cords it was not possible to advance the tube into the trachea due to the severe deviation of the glottis. A decision was made to cancel any further fiberoptic intubation attempts and a conventional tracheotomy was performed under local anaesthesia without problems.
Conclusion: This case illustrates that even awake fiberoptic intubation has its failure rate, due to inability to visualize the larynx, inability to advance the tube over the fiberscope (as in the present case), or inability to direct the tube towards the larynx. Due to the extreme deviation of the larynx other established techniques for difficult intubation were not deemed appropriate in this case. Therefore, weighing the risks and benefits, a decision was made to perfom a tracheotomy under local anaesthesia.     

Effects of alfentanil on the responses to awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation

Intubation conditions and pressor response were assessed in 30 healthy patients undergoing awake nasotracheal intubation. The patients were premedicated with peroral diazepam. All the patients were sedated with intravenous diazepam 0.1 mg/kg. Alfentanil 20 micrograms/kg or saline was administered in a double-blind fashion. Alfentanil caused moderate respiratory depression but significantly improved conditions for fiberoscopy. In the control group, arterial pressures and heart rate increased significantly immediately after tracheal intubation. These responses were attenuated by alfentanil.     

纤维胃镜诊断780例胃癌的病理分析

我院10年间应用纤维胃镜采取胃、十二指肠以及食管粘膜活检标本共7033例。发现胃癌780例,占纤维胃镜活检的11.09％。年龄19～78岁,原51～60岁多见;男与女之比为8.25:1。肿瘤发生部位以贲门部最常见,计329例,占42.17％,次为窦部、体部。组织学按日本提出的分类标准;以管状腺癌最多,332例,占42.56％,以下为低分化腺癌203例(26.02％),粘液腺癌112例(14.35％)、乳头状腺癌46例(5.89％)、印戒细胞癌40例(5.12％)、未分化癌33例(4.23％)。此外由于组织取材过浅、过小暂定不能分型癌10例(1.28％),其他为腺鳞癌2例、鳞癌、类癌各1例。本文还讨论了纤维胃镜活检诊断胃癌的价值和分型的意义。     

肺弥漫性病变肺活检35例分析

对35例肺弥漫性病变病因不明患者在无X线电视透视下经纤维支气管镜作了肺活检（TBLB），活检阳性率为85％，确诊率达83．3％．提示TBLB是肺弥漫性病变的一种简单、有效，值得推广的检查方法。     

Flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy via the laryngeal mask

The efficacy of flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy through the laryngeal mask was investigated in 20 patients under total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol, fentanyl, atropine and suxamethonium. Mask size 4 was used for men and size 3 for women. Ventilation was performed with oxygen in air, F_IO2 0.6. The ventilatory pressures were median 18 (9–40) cmH₂O (1.8 (0.9–3.9) kPa) before the bronchoscope was inserted. When the tip of the bronchoscope was above the vocal cords the ventilatory pressures increased to 22 (10–43) mmHg (2.2(1.0–4.2) kPa) (P<0.001), and when the tip was situated at the mid-tracheal level there was a further increase to 24 (12–50) mmHg (2.4(1.2–4.9) kPa) (P<0.001). Maximal gas leakages were median 1 (0–2) 1/min^-1. PEEP at the mid-tracheal level was 3 (0–7) cmH₂O (0.3(0–0.7) kPa). When 15 min of the procedure had elapsed, Pao₂ was 232 (112–350) mmHg (30.9(14.9–46.6) kPa) and Paco₂ 39 (33–46) mmHg (5.2(4.4–6.1) kPa). The lowest oxygen saturation was median 98 (96–100)% and the highest end-tidal CO₂ 34 (24–41) mmHg (4.5(3.2–5.5) kPa). It was easy to examine the laryngeal opening and a good assessment of vocal cord function was allowed when muscle relaxation ceased. We conclude that flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy through the laryngeal mask is a safe technique provided that total intravenous anaesthesia is used. It is a valuable alternative to flexible bronchoscopy performed with topical anaesthesia.     

The use of the carbon dioxide laser in the pediatric airway.

Congenital and acquired lesions of the pediatric airway present difficulties in management. Until recently, correction of these problems frequently involved an external approach to the larynx and trachea. Development of fiberoptic instrumentation, as well as the introduction of the Zeiss operating microscope, has now given the surgeon a new means to visualize the larynx and trachea. Soon after its development, the carbon dioxide surgical laser was coupled to these instruments to permit an extremely precise form of tissue excision and ablation. Its unique properties, including an extraordinary hemostatic effect, as well as minimal postoperative edema and scarring, make it an ideal tool for management of lesions of the pediatric airway. It has been employed successfully in the treatment of 177 lesions.     

腔内放疗与体外放疗结合全身化疗治疗中晚期中央型肺癌的研究

目的探讨全身化疗结合支气管腔内放疗治疗不能手术的中晚期中央型肺癌的安全性、近期疗效、毒副反应和适应证。方法选用铂类为主的全身化疗方案同时经纤维支气管镜置入施源管、模拟定位机定位后用192铱后装治疗机行腔内局部放疗3~5次(1次/周),单次剂量5Gy~7Gy,参考点在0.5cm~1.0cm。化疗每3~4周一周期,3~4个周期为一疗程,一个疗程后评估近期疗效、毒副反应。结果腔内放疗组52例全部有效,完全缓解46例(88.46%)、部分缓解6例(11.54%);阻塞症状和咳嗽在首次腔内放疗后能明显缓解。体外放疗组64例中,有效者59例(92.2%),完全缓解45例(70.3%)、部分缓解14例(21.87%),无变化者5例;32例阻塞症状和咳嗽在体外放疗后2周左右开始减轻,两者近期客观疗效比较无显著性差异。毒副作用白细胞减少腔内放疗组1级、2级、3级白细胞降低为21/52、19/52、3/52;体外放疗组分别为6/64、26/64和32/64;两者比较有显著性差异。放射性肺炎腔内放疗组无放射性肺炎发生,体外放疗组64例中有63例发生(98.4%);放射性食道炎腔内治疗组52例有2例发生;体外治疗组全部出现了放射性食道炎,两者比较有显著性差异。结论全身化疗结合腔内放疗治疗中晚期中央型肺癌安全,近期疗效明显,减少体外放疗所导致的放射性肺炎、放射性食道炎的发生和减低白细胞的下降程度,改善病人生活质量。     

微波介入治疗支气管结核的临床探讨

目的探讨微波介入治疗支气管结核的临床疗效。方法对23例确诊为支气管结核的患者实施经支气管镜介入微波治疗,并观察其疗效。结果23例治疗1~9次,平均2.9±1.5次,其中21例经支气管镜复查,显效14例(14/21)占66.6%;有效7例(7/21)占33.3%;总有效率100%。2例经X线胸片或CT复查病灶吸收。不良反应治疗中3例感觉局部烧灼痛;未发生支气管穿孔、出血、气胸等并发症。结论微波介入治疗支气管结核,在解除支气管阻塞、加速病灶吸收及组织再生和修复方面疗效确切,痰菌阴转率及肺不张治愈率均较高,能绥解支气管狭窄后遗症。安全性高、不良反应小,有一定的临床应用价值。