Dietary Intake of Vitamin E and Fats Associated with Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese People: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Fifth Survey of the ROAD Study

Dietary habits are of considerable interest as a modifiable factor for the maintenance of muscle health, especially sarcopenia. The present study aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake and sarcopenia prevalence in community-dwelling Japanese subjects. This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the fifth survey of the Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis against Disability (ROAD) study, and 1345 participants (437 men and 908 women) aged ≥60 years were included in the analysis. Sarcopenia was determined by the definition of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia established in 2014, and dietary intake was assessed with the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Overall, 77 subjects (5.7%) were identified as having sarcopenia, 5.0% of men and 6.1% of women. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratios of sarcopenia for the dietary intake of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 0.14 (CI 0.04–0.49), β-tocopherol (0.24, CI 0.07–0.78), γ-tocopherol (0.28, CI 0.09–0.87), and fats (fat 0.27, CI 0.08–0.96; monounsaturated fatty acids, 0.22, CI 0.07–0.72, polyunsaturated fatty acids, 0.28, CI 0.09–0.89) at the highest quantile were significantly lower compared with those at the lowest quantile. Therefore, higher dietary intakes of vitamin E and fats would be associated with a lower prevalence of sarcopenia.     

Health behaviours and socio-economic status in Ontario, Canada

Data from the 1990 Ontario Health Survey were used to investigate the association of socio-economic status with the likelihood of meeting current recommendations for four health behaviours (smoking, fat intake, alcohol consumption, and physical activity level) in adults living in Ontario (Canada). Health behaviours were categorised as unhealthy if they did not meet current recommendations in Ontario (smoking, fat intake < 30% of dietary energy, alcohol intake < 14 units per week, low level of leisure-time physical activity). Two summary variables based on the number ofÔ unhealthyÕ behaviours were also examined: the crude number of unhealthy behaviours reported and the likelihood of reporting 3 or 4 unhealthy behaviours. Four measures of socio-economic status were used: educational achievement, household income status, source of household income, and occupational prestige. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to explore the association of each unhealthy behaviour and of the summary variables with socio-economic status indicators (taken independently or simultaneously), controlling for demographic characteristics. Except for the positive relationship between income status and high alcohol intake, measures of unhealthy behaviours were inversely associated with the socio-economic indices, suggesting that individuals in lower socio-economic groups are at an increased risk for health problems.     

大鼠外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体的测定

目的为了测定糠皮质激素受体（GR）的结合参数,以利于今后进一步探讨GR改变在某些疾病发生中的作用及对治疗的指导意义。材料和方法以［3H］地塞米松（Dex）为配基,建立了大鼠外周血GR的放射配体结合测定方法。结果Scatchard作图分析[3H]Dex特异结合呈一直线,表现结合容量(Ro)和平衡解离常数（Kd）分别为（3387±328）位点／细胞和（2.35±1．13）nmol/L（±s,n=5）,[3H]Dex特异结合有明显的甾体特异性。结论大鼠外周血白细胞[3H]Dex特异结合部位具备了鉴定受体所必须的基本条件。     

Misconceptions about fats and cholesterol: Implications for dietary guidelines

To be effective, dietary guidelines must be understandable by their audiences. Misconceptions interfere with acceptance of correct but conflicting information, contributing to unhealthy dietary behavior. This study was undertaken to identify, from a cognitive perspective, misconceptions about dietary fat and cholesterol and their roots. Eighty‐eight women and men participated in semistructured interviews that identified their knowledge structure and misconceptions. Women had slightly more numerous and serious (potential to lead to inappropriate food choices) misconceptions than men. Both groups had numerous misconceptions in common (saturated fats have more fat or calories than unsaturated fats). Most misconceptions could be attributed to missing or incomplete information, yet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans bulletin on fat and cholesterol was ineffective in changing them. These results have implications for public health education efforts: common misconceptions need to be identified and addressed, or they will reduce effectiveness of the efforts.     

参芪复方对自发性糖尿病肾病大鼠血糖、血脂及血清CRP、IL-6的影响

目的：观察参芪复方对自发性早期糖尿病肾病大鼠血糖、血脂及血清CRP、IL-6的影响,并探讨参芪复方进行短期干预的可能机制。方法：SPF级雄性GK大鼠60只,随机选取10只GK大鼠作为空白对照组,高脂饲料进行造模,造模成功后随机分为中药高、低剂量组,西药组和模型组。分别用不同剂量参芪复方混悬液,雷米普利悬液,无菌水进行灌喂,每4周测定空腹血糖一次。8周后,测定各组大鼠空腹血糖、血总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、血清CRP、IL-6水平。结果：与空白组和各治疗组相比,模型组大鼠血清空腹血糖、TC、TG、CRP、IL-6显著升高（P〈0．01）,参芪复方高低剂量均能降低大鼠血清CRP、IL-6水平,并能改善糖脂代谢紊乱。结论：参芪复方能够有效改善实验性糖尿病肾病大鼠炎症反应,改善糖脂代谢,从而起到早期防治糖尿病肾病的作用。     

Dietary Saturated Fats and Health: Are the U.S. Guidelines Evidence-Based?

The last decade has seen nearly 20 papers reviewing the totality of the data on saturated fats and cardiovascular outcomes, which, altogether, have demonstrated a lack of rigorous evidence to support continued recommendations either to limit the consumption of saturated fatty acids or to replace them with polyunsaturated fatty acids. These papers were unfortunately not considered by the process leading to the most recent U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the country’s national nutrition policy, which recently reconfirmed its recommendation to limit saturated fats to 10% or less of total energy intake, based on insufficient and inconsistent evidence. Continuation of a cap on saturated fat intake also fails to consider the important effects of the food matrix and the overall dietary pattern in which saturated fatty acids are consumed.     

高血压病患者脂餐后甘油三酯代谢变化与血管内皮功能的关系

目的本研究旨在探讨高血压病(EH)患者脂餐后甘油三酯(TG)变化及其与血管内皮功能之间的关系.方法38例EH患者和20例健康人禁食10～12h后,采用高分辨率彩色血管超声、以肱动脉反应性充血前、后血管内径变化百分比反映血管内皮依赖性扩张功能.随后进行标准脂肪负荷试验,以TG8h曲线下面积(TG-AUC)和TG峰反应(TGPR)作为标准脂肪负荷后TG反应水平的指标.结果(1)EH组的肱动脉反应性充血前、后血管内径变化百分比显著小于对照组[(10.36±3.43)%比(15.48±4.36)%P<0.05];(2)EH组餐后TG水平的TGPR[(4.68±1.74)mmol/L比(1.84±0.67)mmol/L]及TG-AUC[(23.59±6.48)mmol/L比(9.49±3.47)mmol/L]均显著大于对照组(P<O.05);(3)EH合并餐后TG代谢障碍组(n=26)的肱动脉反应性充血前、后血管内径变化百分比较EH餐后TG代谢正常组(n=12)有明显降低[(10.98±1.32)%比(13.14±1.09)%,P<0.05].结论68.4%的EH患者伴有脂餐后TG代谢障碍和消除延迟,餐后TG代谢异常会加重EH患者血管内皮功能障碍.     

Intercepting the Lipid-Induced Integrated Stress Response Reduces Atherosclerosis

Background

Eukaryotic cells can respond to diverse stimuli by converging at serine-51 phosphorylation on eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) and activate the integrated stress response (ISR). This is a key step in translational control and must be tightly regulated; however, persistent eIF2α phosphorylation is observed in mouse and human atheroma.

Fatty acid quality and quantity of diet and risk of type 2 diabetes in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Aim

Studies suggest that fatty acid intake may be an important determinant of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aims to prospectively examine the association between fatty acid quantity and quality with risk of T2DM in adults.