脂肪酸对糖尿病模型大鼠血磷脂脂肪谱的影响

目的　观察富含n - 6和n - 3多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)饲料对自发性 2型糖尿病模型OtsukaLong -E vansTokushimaFatty(OLETF)大鼠糖代谢及血清磷脂 (S -PL)中脂肪酸 (FA)组成的影响。 方法　将 2 0只 14周龄雄性OLETF大鼠随机分为 2组。两组大鼠饲料总能量相同 ,其中饱和脂肪酸 (SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸 (MUFA)和PU FA的百分含量亦相同 ,但分别富含n - 6PUFA〔4 1 6mol/ (10 0mol·脂肪 )〕和n - 3PUFA〔2 0 4mol/ (10 0mol·脂肪 )〕 ,饮食干预 10周。第 2 4周时实施口服糖耐量试验 (OGTT)、胰岛素水平测定和S -PL中FA组成测定。结果　干预期间 ,两组大鼠总进食量及体重增长无显著性差异 ;干预后OGTT及胰岛素水平测定表明 ,n - 3组相对于n - 6组具有较好的胰岛素敏感性。n - 3组大鼠S -PL中 18∶1(n - 9)、MUFA总量、18∶2 (n - 6 )、各n - 3系PUPA百分含量较n- 6组高 ,n - 6PUFA总量、2 0∶4 (n - 6 )百分含量较低。结论　n - 3PUFA的摄入相对于n - 6PUFA对OLETF大鼠的糖代谢有益 ,OLETF大鼠S -PL的FA组成受到饲料中FA的影响 ,但并不是其直接反应。     

Seed oil and fatty acid composition in Capsicum spp.

The oil content and fatty acid composition of seed of 233 genebank accessions (total) of nine Capsicum species, and a single accession of Tubocapsicum anomalum, were determined. The physicochemical characteristics of oil extracted from seed of Capsicum annuum and Capsicum baccatum were also examined. Significant differences among mean values for seed oil content were detected among the cultivated Capsicum species. Oil content in seed of C. annuum var. annuum was significantly greater than that in seed of other cultivated species. Capsicum pubescens had the lowest average seed oil content. Among the non-cultivated taxa examined, seed of Capsicum galapagoense had the lowest oil content and T. anomalum the highest. Averages across the 5 cultivated taxa for the 4 principal fatty acids were 12.9%, 3.4%, 6.7% and 76.0% for C16:0 (palmitic), C18:0 (stearic), C18:1 (oleic) and C18:2 (linoleic), respectively. Linoleic acid was the principal fatty acid in all samples, with a high value of 81% in Capsicum chinense. Capsicum frutescens had the lowest percentage of total unsaturated fatty acids and T. anomalum the highest. In general, the oil content and fatty acid composition of seed of the wild taxa were similar to those of the cultivated species.     

围绝经期女性常见膳食模式对血脂情况的影响

目的：分析围绝经期女性中常见的不同膳食模式对血脂情况的影响。方法：选取自2014年2月—2015年2月于江苏省南通市妇幼保健院住院治疗的392例轻体力劳动级且排除影响血脂其他情况的围绝经期女性,入院时均采用24 h回顾法调查连续3日饮食情况,分析膳食模式并按照能量及三大产能营养素比例情况归类分组,比较各组血脂情况。结果：经过调查发现有6种不同膳食模式,即高能量摄入组（A组,n=62）、高碳水化合物正常能量摄入组（B组,n=53）、高脂肪正常能量摄入组（C组,n=58）、高蛋白正常能量摄入组（D组,n=59）、正常能量正常比例摄入组（E组,n=116）、低能量摄入组（F组,n=44）。6组女性的胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,6组各指标异常发生率比较差异亦有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：高能量、高脂肪、高碳水化合物摄入均有可能引起血脂代谢异常,尤其是高碳水化合物摄入可能更容易引起三酰甘油升高为主的血脂异常,而高能量及高脂肪摄入可以同时引起胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇指标异常。     

Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake among adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: This study examined baseline dietary intake, body weight, and physiologic status in patients enrolled in a dietary intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Dietary, physiologic, and demographic information were collected at baseline from 40 adult patients with poorly controlled T2DM (glycosylated hemoglobin >7%) who participated in a clinical trial at an academic medical center in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. RESULTS: The average age at enrollment was 53.5 y (SD 8.4), average body mass index was 35.48 kg/m(2) (SD 7.0), and glycosylated hemoglobin was 8.3% (SD 1.2). Participants were predominantly white, married, and employed full time. Forty-eight percent were men. Seventy-eight percent had hyperlipidemia, and 68% had hypertension. Reported baseline daily average energy intake was 1778 kcal (SD 814), daily carbohydrate was 159 g (SD 71.5), and dietary fiber was 11.4 g (SD 5.2). The dietary composition was 35% carbohydrate, 45% fat (15% saturated fat), and 20% protein. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines recommends 45-65% of energy from carbohydrate, 20-35% from fat (<7% saturated), and 20% from protein. CONCLUSION: These patients reported a low-carbohydrate, low-fiber, high-fat (especially saturated) diet, although they stated they are not following any of the popular low-carbohydrate diets. Patients with T2DM may find the current trend toward reducing weight through low-carbohydrate diets attractive for control of blood glucose, despite ADA recommendations. This dietary pattern may represent a popular trend that extends beyond our particular study and, if so, has serious cardiovascular implications in this vulnerable population of T2DM patients.     

Olive oil,seed oils and other added fats in relation to ovarian cancer (Italy)

Objective: This study investigates the potential role of olive oil and other added fats used for seasoning or cooking on ovarian carcinogenesis. Methods: We analyzed data from a multicentre case–control study conducted between 1992 and 1999 in Italy, including a total of 1031 incident with a first diagnosis, histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 2411 hospital controls with acute, non-malignant and non-gynecological conditions. The subjects' usual diet was investigated through a validated food-frequency questionnaire, including specific questions aimed at assessing added fat intake patterns. Results: After allowance for study centre, year at interview, age, education, parity, oral contraceptive use, and total energy intake, a reduced risk of ovarian cancer was observed for high intake of olive oil (odds ratio (OR) = 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50–0.93 for the highest quintile of intake, compared to the lowest one) and for a group of specific seed oils (i.e. sunflower, maize, peanut, and soya) (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.46–0.76). No significant associations were observed for mixed seed oils, butter, and margarine. Conclusions: The present study suggests a favorable effect of olive oil and other vegetable oils on ovarian cancer in this Italian population.     

Comparison of glycemic response and insulin requirements after mixed meals of equal carbohydrate content in healthy,type-1, and type-2 diabetic man

Summary The postprandial insulin requirements after three mixed meals of equal carbohydrate and energy content were assessed in 10 type-1 and 12 type-2 diabetics by a glucose-controlled insulin infusion system. These were compared with the glycemic response to the same meals of 10 healthy individuals (glycemic index). In type-1 diabetics, we found the highest insulin requirements after consumption of a continental breakfast (low fibre, low protein, high fat). Ten percent less insulin was infused after milk (low fat, high protein) and 30% less after an English breakfast (high fibre, high protein). Type-2 diabetics showed no significant differences in insulin requirements between the three test meals. The glycemic response in healthy individuals had no relation to these insulin requirements. Continental and English breakfast had a similar glycemic effect, whereas milk produced only 30% of the blood glucose response observed after the continental breakfast. These results indicate that neither the carbohydrate content (exchange lists) nor the glycemic index enable prediction of postprandial insulin requirements in insulin-deficient diabetes. For this purpose, we propose the insulin-need index, elaborated by testing whole meals in closed-loop experiments with type-1 diabetics.     

Platelet fatty acids and function in two distinct regions of Belgium: relationship to age and dietary habits

We compared the dietary habits, fatty acid composition of plasma and platelet phospholipids, and platelet function in two groups of healthy Belgian male subjects, known to differ in their mortality rate from coronary heart disease (CHD). In the Walloon subjects, there was a larger intake of saturated and a lower intake of (n-6) polyunsaturated fats, confirmed by the fatty acid composition of plasma and platelet phospholipids. While plasma HDL and total cholesterol were similar in the present samples of the two communities, platelet aggregation to epinephrine was significantly higher in the Walloon subjects. When the two populations were divided into younger (28-54 years) and older (55-73 years) age groups, the older Walloon subjects exhibited platelet hyper-aggregability to most of the agonists, compared to the other three groups. In addition to dietary fats, alcohol and smoking habits, age was an important determinant of platelet phospholipid fatty acids and platelet reactivity. The present results reinforce those of previous studies, indicating that platelet behaviour is significantly affected by the main risk factors for CHD.     

Sugar,meat, and fat intake,and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States)

To investigate the relation of dietary intakes of sucrose, meat, and fat, and anthropometric, lifestyle, hormonal, and reproductive factors to colon cancer incidence, data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of 35,215 Iowa (United States) women, aged 55–69 years and without a history of cancer, who completed mailed dietary and other questionnaires in 1986. Through 1990, 212 incident cases of colon cancer were documented. Proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for age and other risk factors. Risk factors found to be associated significantly with colon cancer included: (i) sucrose-containing foods and beverages other than ice cream/milk; relative risks (RR) across the quintiles=1.00, 1.73, 1.56, 1.54, and 2.00 (95% confidence intervals [CI] for quintiles two and five exclude 1.0); (ii) sucrose; RR across the quintiles=1.00, 1.70, 1.81, 1.82, and 1.45 (CI for quintiles two through four exclude 1.0); (iii) height; RR=1.23 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend-0.02); (iv) body mass index; RR=1.41 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend=0.03); and (v) number of livebirths, RR=1.59 for having had one to two livebirths and 1.80 for having had three or more livebirths compared with having had none (P for trend=0.04). These data support hypotheses that sucrose intake or being tall or obese increases colon cancer risk; run contrary to the hypothesis that increased parity decreases risk; support previous findings of no association with demographic factors other than age, cigarette smoking, or use of oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy; and raise questions regarding previous associations with meat, fat, protein, and physical activity.Cancer Causes and Control 1994, 5, 38–52.This project was supported by research grant CA 39742 from the US National Cancer Institute.     

Effect of soy versus beef diets on blood and tissue cholesterol and body composition of growing swine

Growing pigs were fed diets, similar in protein and fat content, based on soy protein isolate and soybean oil (soy) or ground beef containing 21% fat (beef). Ground corn, vitamins and minerals completed the diets. Egg yolk was added to balance the intake of cholesterol. No significant differences were seen in total plasma cholesterol or liver cholesterol concentrations. Soy-fed pigs had significantly greater concentrations of cholesterol in the viscera excluding the liver (p<.001), aorta (p<.04), carcass (p<.001) and whole body (liver + other viscera + carcass) (p<.001). No evidence of fatty streaking or plaque formation was seen in Sudan IV-stained aorta segments of either treatment group. Although pigs fed the soy diet gained weight at a slower rate, their carcasses contained a significantly greater (p<.02) concentration of fat.Our data show that the soy diet, as compared to the beef diet, increased the proportion of fat in the carcass and increased tissue cholesterol deposition.     

Sausage Preservation Methods and the Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis: An Ecological Study

Sausage preservation methods (smoking vs. drying), as classified by Hippisley Coxe and Hippisley Coxe (1986), were compared with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in 26 countries. Meat, pork, and animal fat consumption, divided by food energy intake, were taken as covariates. In logistic regression smoke preservation, meat consumption and animal fat consumption showed a significant association with MS in univariate analysis. In multiple logistic regression, smoke preservation was associated with MS independently from meat and pork consumption, whereas animal fat contributed with borderline significance. The data suggest an association between sausage preservation by smoking and MS. A possible causal link should be studied further by individual-based epidemiological approaches.