Trans fatty acids and cholesterol levels: An evidence map of the available science

High intakes of industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) increase circulating low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, which has implicated iTFA in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Published data on iTFA and LDL-C, however, represent higher intake levels than the U.S. population currently consume. This study used state-of-the-art evidence mapping approaches to characterize the full body of literature on LDL-C and iTFA at low intake levels. A total of 32 independent clinical trials that included at least one intervention or control group with iTFA at ≤3%en were found. Findings indicated that a wide range of oils and interventions were used, limiting the ability to determine an isolated effect of iTFA intake. Few data points were found for iTFA at <3%en, with the majority of low-level exposures actually representing control group interventions containing non-partially hydrogenated (PHO) oils. Further, it appears that few dose-response data points are available to assess the relationship of low levels of iTFA, particularly from PHO exposure, and LDL-C. Therefore, limited evidence is available to determine the effect of iTFA at current consumption levels on CHD risk.     

Direct atomic absorption spectrometry determination of arsenic,cadmium, copper,manganese, lead and zinc in vegetable oil and fat samples with graphite filter furnace atomizer

The article presents the results of optimization of operation parameters, investigation of analytical characteristics and the abilities of a graphite filter-furnace (FF) atomizer for the direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET AAS) determination of trace amounts of Mn, As, Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in some vegetable oils and fats. The effect of pyrolysis and atomization temperatures of the graphite FF atomizer on atomic absorbance values of the listed elements at their evaporation from some organic solutions in the presence of a Pd-Mg chemical modifier (CM) was investigated. For the ET AAS determination of As, Pb, Cd and Zn with Pd-Mg CM, the temperature of the graphite FF atomizer for the pyrolysis step can be raised by 250–350 °C. This mode allows to eliminate the background absorption, to increase the sensitivity of the elements to be analyzed and to enhance the total content of vegetable oils or fats in organic solutions up to 0.5 g mL⁻¹. The obtained limits of quantification for Mn, As, Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn were 0.002, 0.004, 0.004, 0.002, 0.0008, 0.0004 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) varied between ∼3 and 8% and the time of one element determination did not exceed ∼3–5 min. The reliability of the proposed method was checked using the reference method. A paired Student's t-test showed no significant difference between the results obtained by both methods on a 95% confidence level.     

Dietary fat intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in the Prostate,Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial

PurposeEpidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that dietary fat intake may affect risk of pancreatic cancer, but published results are inconsistent.MethodsWe examined risk associations for specific types of dietary fat intakes and related food sources among 111,416 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine associations between fat intake and pancreatic cancer risk.ResultsOver a mean 8.4 years of follow-up, 411 pancreatic cancer cases were identified. We observed an inverse association between saturated fat intake and pancreatic cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64 comparing extreme quintiles; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46–0.88), but the association became weaker and nonsignificant when individuals with fewer than 4 years of follow-up were excluded to avoid possible reverse causation (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.58–1.33). Total fat intake showed a similar pattern of association, whereas intakes of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and fats from animal or plant sources showed no associations with risk.ConclusionsThese results do not support the hypothesis of increased pancreatic cancer risk with higher fat consumption overall or by specific fat type or source. Dietary changes owing to undetected disease may explain the observed inverse association with saturated fat.     

Magnesium and lipids in cardiovascular disease.

Carbohydrate intolerance is positively correlated with animal fat consumption and is more common in beef eating populations. In contrast, individuals consuming diets comprised of polyunsaturated fats have a lower incidence of diabetes mellitus. To test the hypothesis that dietary fats may influence carbohydrate metabolism, serum glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) responses to three mixed test meals of varying fatty acid composition were assessed in 12 normal subjects. Fatty acids in the meals were either saturated fats or polyunsaturated fats derived from vegetables or fish. Each test meal provided 40% of a subject's calculated daily caloric requirement and contained approximately 45% carbohydrate, 40% fat, and 15% protein. Serum insulin responses were 62% higher (p less than 0.01) after the fish and 39% higher (p less than 0.01) after the vegetable meals compared to the saturated fat meal. No significant differences in insulin responses were observed between the vegetable and fish meals. Serum glucose concentration was slightly higher (p less than 0.02) during the fish meal than with the vegetable or saturated fat meals. The GIP levels were comparable following the fish and vegetable meals and were 25% lower than those observed with the saturated fat meal. These findings suggest that diets enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids augment insulin secretion significantly more than a diet comprised primarily of saturated fatty acids. The mechanism for this increased insulin secretion is unknown but did not appear to be mediated through differences in serum glucose values or through the insulin-otrophic effects of GIP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Dried fruit consumption is associated with improved diet quality and reduced obesity in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004

Epidemiological studies examining potential associations between dried fruit consumption, diet quality, and weight status are lacking. The goal of this study was to examine the association of dried fruit consumption with nutrient intake, diet quality, and anthropometric indicators of overweight/obesity. A secondary analysis of dietary and anthropometric data collected from adult (19+ years) participants (n = 13 292) of the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted. Dried fruit consumers were defined as those consuming amounts ? cup-equivalent fruit per day or more and identified using 24-hour recalls. Diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index 2005. Covariate-adjusted means, SEs, prevalence rates, and odds ratios were determined to conduct statistical tests for differences between dried fruit consumers and nonconsumers. Seven percent of the population consumed dried fruit. Mean differences (P < .01) between consumers and nonconsumers in adult shortfall nutrients were dietary fiber (+6.6 g/d); vitamins A (+173 μg retinol activity equivalent per day), E (+1.5 mg α-tocopherol per day), C (+20 mg/d), and K (+20 mg/d); calcium (+103 mg/d); phosphorus (+126 mg/d); magnesium (+72 mg/d); and potassium (+432 mg/d). Dried fruit consumers had improved MyPyramid food intake, including lower solid fats/alcohol/added sugars intake, and a higher solid fats/alcohol/added sugars score (11.1 ± 0.2 vs 8.2 ± 0.1) than nonconsumers. The total Healthy Eating Index 2005 score was significantly higher (P < .01) in consumers (59.3 ± 0.5) than nonconsumers (49.4 ± 0.3). Covariate-adjusted weight (78.2 ± 0.6 vs 80.7 ± 0.3 kg), body mass index (27.1 ± 0.2 vs 28.1 ± 0.2), and waist circumference (94.0 ± 0.5 vs 96.5 ± 0.2 cm) were lower (P < .01) in consumers than nonconsumers, respectively. Dried fruit consumption was associated with improved nutrient intakes, a higher overall diet quality score, and lower body weight/adiposity measures.     

苯磺酸氨氯地平联合阿托伐他汀治疗高血压伴高血脂的疗效观察

目的：探讨苯磺酸氨氯地平联合阿托伐他汀治疗高血压伴高血脂的临床疗效.方法：将90例原发性高血压伴高血脂患者根据治疗方法不同随机分为治疗组和对照组各45例：全部患者治疗前均停用其他降压药,其中治疗组给予给予苯磺酸氨氯地平每日晨起后口服5mg,1次/d,阿托伐他汀片20mg/次,每日1次,对照组仅给予苯磺酸氨氯地平,每日晨起后口服5mg,1次/d,观察用药前及用药后6个月后血脂、血压变化情况.结果：两组患者TC、TG、LDL较治疗前有显著改善,且治疗组较对照组明显改善,经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.用药6个月后,治疗组血压控制的有效率明显高于对照组,经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义（X2=7.352,P＜0.05）.结论：苯磺酸氨氯地平和阿托伐他汀联合治疗原发性高血压高血压伴高血脂控制血压有效率高,且明显改善改善血脂.     

健康成人体成分差异对不同年龄段人群骨密度的影响

目的探讨健康成人体成分特点及对不同年龄段人群骨密度（BMD）影响的差异。方法693例成人根据性别及年龄进行分组,全身脂肪、瘦组织质量和全身、腰椎、股骨BMD采用双能X线骨密度仪（DEXA）检测。统计学处理应用Pearson相关分析和多元逐步回归分析等。结果男性脂肪百分比低于女性[（22.15±7.12）%vs（32.30±6.84）%,P〈0.01],瘦组织百分比[（73.81±6.86）%vs（61.19±10.80）%,P〈0.01]和骨矿盐百分比[（4.07±0.47）%vs（3.89±0.64）%,P〈0.01]明显高于女性。男性〈60岁全身、腰椎、股骨BMD与瘦组织质量、脂肪质量均呈显著正相关,≥60岁腰椎BMD与脂肪质量呈正相关,但瘦组织仍影响着BMD;女性随年龄增加,各部位BMD与瘦组织质量之间相关性减弱,与脂肪质量相关性增强。多元逐步回归分析证实瘦组织是影响男性和〈50岁女性BMD变异的主要因素;在以绝经后女性为主的人群,〈60岁女性体质量指数（BMI）或瘦组织仍影响着BMD变异,≥60岁女性脂肪则决定BMD变异。结论男性具有较多的瘦组织,是影响男性BMD变异的主要因素;女性具有较多的脂肪成分,但对BMD影响存在年龄上的差异,是决定≥60岁女性BMD变异的主要因素。     

Nutritional Profile of Local and Western Fast Foods Consumed in Bahrain

The aim of this study was to determine the proximate, mineral, and vitamin content of 16 commonly consumed fast foods (local and Western-based) in Bahrain. Samples were collected from several food outlets in Manama city, the capital of Bahrain, and analyzed using standard methods. In general, the findings revealed that local fast foods had higher cholesterol and energy content (ranging from 0-118 mg and 762-1796 kJ/100 g, respectively) compared to Western fast foods (ranging from 11-34 mg/100 g and 980-1172 kJ/100 g, respectively). Protein content was higher in most of the local fast foods compared to the Western fast foods (5.8-30.4 g/100 g and 10.3-17.9 g/100 g, respectively). Most of the minerals were higher in local fast foods, but calcium (16-153 mg/100 g) and phosphorous (54-273 mg/100 g) were higher in Western fast foods. Some of these foods had considerable levels of vitamin B₆ (0.03-0.25 mg/100 g), vitamin B₁₂ (0.1-2.3 μg/100 g), folacin (9.0-106 μg/100 g), and niacin (1.0-12.1 mg/100 g), while the rest of the vitamins were present to a lesser extent. Fat, energy, and sodium levels were also higher in local fast foods. It is evident that the conception that local fast foods are healthier than Western-based fast foods is inappropriate. Hence, nutrition education programmes need to focus on the nutritional aspects of both local and Western fast foods.     

Healthy Eating Index 2005 and selected macronutrients are correlated with improved lung function in humans

A number of dietary components have been associated with lung function. However, a comprehensive measure of a healthy diet has not been compared with lung function. Herein, we test the hypothesis that a healthy overall diet, as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI-2005), will be associated with increased lung function. This is an investigation using the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Research Materials obtained from the National Heart Lung Blood Institute. The study surveyed dietary habits of 15 567 American subjects from 4 communities in 1987 to 1990. Spirometric measures of lung function were also taken at entry to the study and a second time 3 years later. Based on food and nutritional data collected by food frequency questionnaire, an HEI-2005 score was calculated for each subject. This total score, together with its 12 components scores and associated macronutrient, was compared with lung function results by linear regression. Models were controlled for smoking behavior, demographics, and other important covariates. The HEI-2005 total scores were positively associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second per forced vital capacity (FEV(1)/FVC) at visit 1 (β = .101 per increase in 1 quintile of HEI-2005) and visit 2 (β = .140), and FEV(1) as percentage of the predicted FEV(1) at visit 2 (β = .215) (P < .05). In addition, HEI-2005 component scores that represented high intakes of whole grains (β = .127 and .096); saturated fats (β = −.091); and solid fats, alcohol, and added sugar (β = −.109 and −.131) were significantly associated with FEV(1)/FVC at either visit 1 or visit 2. Intakes of total calories (β =−.082 at visit 1) and saturated fatty acids (β = −.085 at visit 2) were negatively associated with FEV(1)/FVC. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (β = .085 and .116) and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (β = .109 and .103), animal protein (β = .132 and .093), and dietary fiber (β = .129) were positively associated with lung health. An overall healthy diet is associated with higher lung function.