125I-白蛋白-黄芪多糖毫微粒在小鼠体内分布的研究

用乳液固化方法制备了１２５Ｉ－牛血清白蛋白－黄芪多糖毫微粒,透射电子显微镜测得粒径为（１６８±６２）ｎｍ,小鼠口服毫微粒（１４８×１０８Ｂｑ／只）后,主要分布在肝、脾、肺中,而心、脑组织中有少量分布。微观放射自显影实验结果表明,毫微粒分布在肝脏的Ｋｕｆｅｒｓ细胞和肝实质细胞中,以及在肺和脾脏的吞噬细胞中。实验数据用３Ｐ８７程序处理,按血管外给药开放二室模型计算得代谢动力参数,Ｔｍａｘ为２．１１ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ为２．４３×１０７Ｂｑ,ｔ１／２为９．３３ｈ,曲线下面积为３．７×１０９Ｂｑ。     

Expression, distribution and ultrastructural localization of the synapse-organizing molecule agrin in the mature avian retina

At the vertebrate neuromuscular junction the extracellular matrix molecule agrin is responsible for the formation, maintenance and regeneration of most if not all postsynaptic specializations. Several agrin isoforms are generated by alternative splicing which differ in their function and which are all expressed in the CNS. To analyse the role of agrin in the CNS, we investigated the expression and ultrastructural localization of agrin in the posthatched chick retina. In situ hybridization revealed the presence of agrin mRNA in all cellular layers of the mature retina, indicating that most if not all major retinal cell types synthesize agrin. Pan-specific as well as isoform-specific antiagrin antisera stained the optic fibre layer and the outer plexiform layer. However, only the pan-specific antiserum additionally stained the inner limiting membrane. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that in the optic fibre layer agrin was associated with ganglion cell axons and that at least part of this agrin corresponds to a neuronal isoform of agrin. In the outer plexiform layer, agrin was localized in the cleft between the photoreceptor terminals and the invaginating horizontal and bipolar cell dendrites. In the synapse-containing inner plexiform layer both antisera revealed punctate immunoreactivity. This staining corresponded to agrin concentrated in the synaptic cleft of conventional synapses as determined by preembedding immunoelectron microscopy. Agrin is thus concentrated at mature interneuronal synapses as it is at the neuromuscular junction, consistent with a role of agrin during formation and/or maintenance of synapses in the CNS.     

Bioelectrical impedance methods in clinical research: a follow-up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference

In 1994, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a Technology Assessment Conference "to provide physicians with a responsible assessment of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) technology for body composition measurement." In 1997, Serono Symposia USA, Inc., organized an invited panel of scientists and clinicians, with extensive research and clinical experience with BIA, to provide an update. Panel members presented reviews based on their own work and published studies for the intervening years. Updates were provided on the single and multifrequency BIA methods and models; continued clinical research experiences; efforts toward establishing population reference norms; and the feasibility of establishing guidelines for potential diagnostic use of BIA in a clinical setting. This report provides a summary of the panel's findings including a consensus on several technical and clinical issues related to the research use of BIA, and those areas that are still in need of additional study.     

冠状动脉损伤修复中Ⅲ型胶原的表达及其与血管平滑肌细胞增生的关系

目的;探讨血管损伤修复中Ⅲ型胶原的分泌规律及其与血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）增生的关系,方法：２６只犬冠状动脉植入过大钽丝支架建立再狭窄模型,分别于术后７天,１４天和２８天处死动物,用透射电镜及免疫组化染色观察新生内膜中Ⅲ型胶原分泌和ＶＳＭＣ特征,并用图像处理技术对Ⅲ型胶原的染色密度作定量分析,结果：支架植入后７天以ＶＳＭＣ移行增生为主,１４天时ＶＳＭＣ增生达高峰并有较多胶原分泌,２８天时ＶＳＭＣ由     

Extra- and Intracellular pH in the Brain During Ischaemia,Related to Tissue Lactate Content in Normo- and Hypercapnic rats

The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between the amount of lactate accumulated during complete ischaemia and the ensuing changes in extra- and intracellular pH (pHe and pHi, respectively). The preischaemic plasma glucose concentration of anaesthetized rats was varied by administration of glucose or insulin, pHe was determined in neocortex with ion-sensitive microelectrodes, and tissue lactate and CO2 contents were measured, tissue CO2 tension being known from separate experiments. The experiments were carried out in both normocapnic [arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) approximately 40 mm Hg] and hypercapnic (PaCO2 approximately 80 mm Hg) animals. Irrespective of the preischaemic CO2 tension, DeltapHe was linearly related to tissue lactate content. Depending on the preischaemic glucose concentration, DeltapHe varied from <0.4 to >1.4 units. The results thus fail to confirm previous results that the changes in pHe describe two plateau functions (DeltapHe approximately 0.5 and 1.1, respectively), with a transition zone at tissue lactate contents of 17 - 20 mmol kg-1. Changes in pHi given in this study are based on the assumption of a uniform intracellular space. The pHi changed from a normal value of approximately 7.0 to 6.5, 6.1 and 5.8 at tissue lactate contents of 10, 20 and 30 mmol kg-1. The intrinsic (non-bicarbonate) buffer capacity, derived from these figures, was 23 mmol kg-1 pH-1. Some differences in pH and in HCO3- concentration between extra- and intracellular fluids persisted in the ischaemic tissue. These differences were probably caused by a persisting membrane potential in the ischaemic cells.     

Divalent Cations Modulate the Inhibitory Substrate Properties of Murine Glia-derived J1-160 and J1-180 Extracellular Matrix Glycoproteins for Neuronal Adhesion

J1-160 and J1-180 are developmentally late appearing J1 extracellular matrix glycoproteins derived from oligodendrocytes. They prevent adhesion of neurons (but not of astrocytes or fibroblasts) when offered as a substrate in mixture with laminin (Pesheva et al., J. Cell Biol., 109, 1765 - 1778, 1989). In the present study we have examined the influence of divalent cations on the inhibitory substrate properties of J1-160/180 glycoproteins towards adhesion of neurons. By metal chelate affinity chromatography, we show that J1-180, but not J1-160, binds Ca2+, while both J1 components are capable of binding Zn2+ and other divalent metal ions. Divalent cation binding was observed by gel filtration, aggregation assays with coated latex beads and electron microscopic examination to elicit aggregation of the molecules. Divalent cation binding also affects their non-permissive substrate properties towards neurons from early postnatal mouse cerebellum. Without divalent cations, J1-160 and J1-180 are inhibitory for substrate adhesion of neurons independently of the adhesive substrate present (laminin or poly-l-lysine). This effect is neutralized when J1-180 is preincubated with Ca2+ or Zn2+ prior to coating as substrate. In contrast, preincubation with Ca2+ ions does not affect the inhibitory substrate properties of J1-160 under these conditions. These observations show that J1-160/180 molecules may undergo self-aggregation in a divalent cation-dependent mechanism, which correlates with the neutralization of their inhibitory effect on neuronal adhesion. The aggregation state of the molecules may thus influence the process of myelination by a homophilic binding mechanism and determine the effectiveness of neurite extension during central nervous system development and under traumatic conditions in the adult.     

Subthalamic neuron activity related to tremor and movement in Parkinson's disease

Single cell activity recorded in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of Parkinson's patients and the effect of tremor, passive and voluntary movement upon the same cells are described. Three types of cells were distinguished by the pattern of discharge: tonic, phasic and rhythmic. They all demonstrated high mean firing rates (65, 59 and 69 Hz, respectively). Simultaneous recordings of muscle activity and tremor helped in defining cell activity. The implantation of the definitive stimulating electrode in the patients was based on the number of STN cells related to tremor, active and passive movements (mean = 68%) along the track chosen. Cells were related to tremor (n = 21; 11%), modified the discharge with differences in the amplitude of tremor (n = 4), and changed the rate and pattern when tremor stopped spontaneously or artificially (n = 6). Movement-related cells (n = 97; 51%) showed a cyclic activity correlated with phases of the movement, or modified the firing rate along the performance of the movement. Tremor and movement-related cells (n = 11; 6%) revealed an interesting sensory-motor integrative function.     

红毛五加药理作用研究进展

目的对红毛五加药理作用研究进展进行全面综述。方法根据相关文献 ,按照药理作用分类汇总。结果红毛五加具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗病毒、保肝、镇痛、增强免疫功能等作用。结论红毛五加具有很强的药用开发潜力     

电泳法检测尿液中海洋硫酸多糖聚甘古酯原型物

目的 :建立检测尿液中海洋硫酸多糖类物质聚甘古酯 (911)的电泳方法 ,并用于药代动力学研究。方法 :以氯化十六烷基吡啶 (cetylpyridiniumchloride ,CPC)沉淀法提取尿液中 911,醋酸锌和醋酸钡两步电泳检测尿液中 911,同时测定回收率、电泳测定的检测限。结果 :实验证明该电泳法可以用于检测尿样中的 911原型物 ,911在尿液中的回收率约为 70 % ;水样中 911的检测限为 10 0 μg·L- 1,尿液中检测限为 2 5 0 μg·L- 1,超滤尿中检测限为 5 0 0 μg·L- 1,大鼠口服给药后可以从其尿液中检测到 911原型物。结论 :该电泳法是检测尿液中 911稳定、灵敏的方法     

老年斑、神经元纤维缠结与硫酸多糖

老年斑 (senileplaques ,SP)、神经元纤维缠结 (neurofib rillarytangles,NFTs)是老年性痴呆最典型的病理特征 ,其中SP的主要成分为 β样淀粉蛋白 (Aβ) ,NFTs主要由异常修饰的tau蛋白组成。许多研究发现硫酸多糖与SP、NFTs的形成密切相关。大量文献报道硫酸多糖与淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)、Aβ以及tau蛋白具有高度亲和性 ,它不仅可以促进APP的异常代谢 ,导致Aβ的大量产生 ,诱导其形成纤丝并聚集、沉积于细胞外 ,而且还可促进tau蛋白发生高度磷酸化 ,形成成对螺旋丝 (PHF)并聚集成NFTs。但也有文献报道外源性硫酸多糖具有促进APP的神经营养作用 ,抑制Aβ纤丝的形成 ,并增强磷酸酯酶PP2B的活性 ,从而减少tau蛋白的磷酸化修饰。并且硫酸多糖的糖基组成、糖链长度、硫酸基的数目及位置不同 ,它在SP、NFTs的形成过程中扮演的作用也不同 ,所以可通过分子结构改造而使硫酸多糖表现抑制SP、NFTs形成的活性 ,从而达到抗老年性痴呆的作用