小儿烧伤致伤因素及院前急救统计分析

目的 了解小儿烧伤的致伤因素和院前急救现状。方法 对十年来两家医院收治的小儿烧伤1403例按年龄、原因、场所以及院前急救进行回顾性分析。结果 小儿烧伤以0～3岁居多（占57．09％）；热液烫伤比例大（占70．28％）；家庭为烧伤主要场所（占78．12％）；院前急救失误普通存在，其中创面处理不当、未建立有效静脉通道和人为原因延误治疗比例较大。结论 小儿烧伤有一定规律，院前急救应加以重视。     

Frequency, nature and determinants of pharmaceutical consultations provided in private by Dutch community pharmacists

OBJECTIVE: According to a report published by the federation of Dutch patients' associations, patients would like to see a pharmacist, who acts more as a personal adviser. This raised the question, how often Dutch community pharmacists have personal consultations with their patients in daily practice, on which factors this depends, and what kind of topics are discussed during these meetings. SETTING: Community pharmacies in the Netherlands. METHOD: A questionnaire was distributed among 800 randomly selected pharmacies. Questions were restricted to consultations characterized by one-to-one contact, drug therapy related content, and adequate privacy. These consultations were labelled as pharmaceutical consultations in private to distinguish them from other contacts between pharmacists and patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Number, content, and character of consultations. RESULTS: 198 (24.8%) community pharmacies responded. The pharmacists provide an average of roughly 1.2 consultations in private per working day. The vast majority of respondents provided face-to-face and telephone consultations (94.4 and 91.9%, respectively), only a minority gave consultations by e-mail (30.8%). These consultations primarily dealt with topics related to medication safety. The mean overall time spent was 290 min per month. A relatively high frequency of personal consultations was significantly associated with the absolute number of full-time equivalent pharmacists in the pharmacy. CONCLUSION: The frequency of pharmaceutical consultations in private is low, but may be improved by reorganisation of the pharmacist's activities. The possibility of personal consultations by e-mail is not yet well-developed. Further research is needed to assess the patient's view of pharmaceutical consultations in private.     

Are hospitals prepared to support newborn survival? – an evaluation of eight first‐referral level hospitals in Kenya*

Objective To assess the availability of resources that support the provision of basic neonatal care in eight first‐referral level (district) hospitals in Kenya. Methods We selected two hospitals each from four of Kenya’s eight provinces with the aim of representing the diversity of this part of the health system in Kenya. We created a checklist of 53 indicator items necessary for providing essential basic care to newborns and assessed their availability at each of the eight hospitals by direct observation, and then compared our observations with the opinions of health workers providing care to newborns on recent availability for some items, using a self‐administered structured questionnaire. Results The hospitals surveyed were often unable to maintain a safe hygienic environment for patients and health care workers; staffing was insufficient and sometimes poorly organised to support the provision of care; some key equipment, laboratory tests, drugs and consumables were not available while patient management guidelines were missing in all sites. Conclusion Hospitals appear relatively poorly prepared to fill their proposed role in ensuring newborn survival. More effective interventions are needed to improve them to meet the special needs of this at‐risk group.     

Needle electromyography

Physiologic assessment of diseases of the motor unit from the anterior horn cells to the muscles relies on a combination of needle electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS). Both require a unique combination of knowledge of peripheral nervous system anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, diseases, techniques, and electricity is necessary. Successful, high‐quality, reproducible EMG depends on the skills of a clinician in patient interaction during the physical insertion and movement of the needle while recording the electrical signals. These must be combined with the skill of analyzing electric signals recorded from muscle by auditory pattern recognition and semiquantitation. 10 , 52 This monograph reviews the techniques of needle EMG and waveform analysis and describes the types of EMG waveforms recorded during needle EMG. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 39: 244–270, 2009     

Mental health in the population approaching retirement age. Preliminary findings of the TURVA project

The present paper deals with a Finnish long-term prospective study, the objective of which is to shed light on adjustment to retirement and old age. In this phase, only the preliminary findings of the initial survey carried out in 1982 are available. For the purposes of the study, a random sample of 200 individuals was drawn from among Turku inhabitants born in 1920. Another sample, consisting of 189 persons of the same age, was drawn from rural municipalities in the neighborhood of Turku. An extensive structured psychosocial interview could be conducted with a total of 339 subjects. The research methods used included e.g. the 36-item version of Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Relatively little mental disturbance was revealed in the interview, and no major differences occurred between the urban and the rural sample. Somewhat over one-third of both samples were probable psychiatric cases as defined according to the GHQ.     

血液透析动脉穿刺术临床研究

目的:研究动脉穿刺技术,提高1次穿刺成功率。方法:将166例急、慢性肾功能衷竭接受血液透析的患者,随机分为观察组84例和对照组82例。观察组用新的穿刺方法,即先在动脉(桡动脉或足背动脉)搏动最明显或最清晰处按一印记,然后进针,对照组用传统的穿刺方法穿刺。比较两组所需时间、1次成功率、血流量、针眼处渗血、疼痛程度以及并发症。结果:两组穿刺所需时间、血流量、针眼处渗血,均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:观察组用新的穿刺方法,能明显提高1次穿刺成功率,缩短穿刺时间,减轻患者痛苦,减少并发症发生。     

Cross-calibration of dual-energy X-ray densitometers for a large, multi-center genetic study of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component characterized by reduced bone mass and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) is the most important determinant of osteoporotic fracture risk, but the genes responsible for BMD regulation and fracture are incompletely defined. To enable multi-center studies to examine the genetic influences on BMD there is a requirement to standardize measurements across different manufacturers of bone densitometers, different versions of machines and different normative ranges. This paper describes a method developed to allow near-identical subjects with low age-adjusted BMD (based on Z-scores) to be recruited in 17 centers using 27 different densitometers. Cross-calibration was based on measurements using a European spine phantom circulated to all centers and measured ten times on each individual machine. From theses values an individual exponential curve, based on nominal versus observed BMD, was derived for each machine. As expected, there were large and significant variations in nominal BMD values, not only between scanners from different manufacturers but also between different versions of scanners from the same manufacturer. Hologic scanners tended to underestimate the nominal BMD, while Lunar scanners overestimated the value. Norland scanners gave mixed values over estimating BMD at the lower nominal value (0.5 g/cm²) while underestimating the value at the higher value (1.5 g/cm²). The validity of the exponential equations was tested using hip and spine measurements on 991 non-proband women from a familial osteoporosis study (FAMOS). After cross-calibration there was a considerable reduction in variation between machines. This observation, coupled with the absence of a similar reduction in variation attributable to a linear regression on age, demonstrated the validity of the cross-calibration approach. Use of the cross-calibration curves along with a standard normative range (in the case of this study, the Hologic normative range) allowed age-specific Z-scores to be used as an inclusion criterion in this genetic study, a method that will be useful for other trials where age-specific BMD inclusion criteria are required.     

Kindergarten children's representation and understanding of written number symbols

Two samples of kindergarten children's representation and understanding of written number symbols were examined in two time points in one academic year. About 85% of Chinese five year olds (mean = 5 years 10 months) were able to use conventional number symbols to represent the quantity of 30 or larger. At the end of the kindergarten year, 94% of Chinese six year olds (mean = 6 years 4 months) were able to use conventional number symbols to represent the quantity of 100 or larger. Some Chinese six year olds had problems in representing written addition and subtraction tasks. Children's ability to represent written number symbols, ability to represent written addition and subtraction formula and their performance on written addition and subtraction were closely related. The performance of children in a university-affiliated childcare center was better than that of the center serving working-class families in Time 1, but the performance reversed at the end of the kindergarten year.     

女性减肥者的体像问题与社会支持及性格的关系

目的研究女性减肥者的体像特征及相关因素。方法采用体像障碍自评量表、社会支持量表、艾森克个性问卷调查了100例减肥门诊女性就诊者，并与100例近5年无减肥经历女性对照。结果(1)女性减肥者，体像得分明显高于正常对照组。(2)女性减肥者的体像得分与收入、P分、N分明显正相关；与社会支持得分明显负相关，与BMI无相关性。结论女性减肥者，不管是否为单纯性肥胖，都存在较多的体像问题，且与特定得人格和社会支持有关。     

V型斜视伴原发性下斜肌功能过强的治疗

目的 探讨Ⅴ型斜视伴原发性下斜肌功能过强的治疗效果。方法根据手术方式将49例Ⅴ型斜视伴下斜肌功能过强惠者分为四组，分别采用水平肌加强减弱术不联合下斜肌切断减弱术（Ⅰ组）、联合单侧下斜肌切断减弱术（Ⅱ组）、联合双侧下斜肌对等切断减弱术（Ⅲ组）及联合双侧下斜肌不对等切断并部分切除减弱术（Ⅳ组）治疗Ⅴ型斜视。结果Ⅴ型斜视伴原发性下斜肌功能过强采用四种方式治疗后，眼位正位，下斜肌功能亢进改善＋～＋＋，双侧下斜肌功能对等，术前术后原在位度数和上下注视25。斜视角之差的差异有非常显著性（P〈0．001）。结论根据单侧或双侧下斜肌功能过强的具体情况来选择不同的手术方式治疗Ⅴ型斜视伴原发性下斜肌功能过强，眼位矫正满意，同时手术方式简单、安全有效。