Diagnosis of fetal rubella infection by nucleic acid hybridization

The efficacy of nucleic acid hybridization for the diagnosis of rubella infection in experimental and clinical materials was compared with immunoblot and virus isolation techniques. Our results showed that nucleic acid hybridization is specific and rapid but gives false-negative results when compared with conventional virus isolation in some experimental although not in clinical materials so far examined. For this reason, a failure to demonstrate rubella virus in fetal specimens by this method alone cannot yet be taken as a sole criterion for ruling out fetal rubella infection.     

大鼠实验性脾虚证胰岛A、B和D细胞的免疫组织化学研究

用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法显示实验性脾虚组和正常对照组大鼠胰岛Ｂ细胞（胰岛素细胞）、Ａ细胞（胰高血糖素细胞）和Ｄ细胞（生长抑素细胞）．结果显示，实验组胰岛素分泌升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），胰高血糖素和生长抑素分泌下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。实验结果提示大鼠胰岛Ａ、Ｂ和Ｄ细胞分泌活动的变化与脾虚证的症候可能有密切关系。     

Changes in CSF pressures during experimental acute arterial subdural bleeding in pig

Summary The effects of acute arterial subdural bleeding on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and 12 other vital parameters were studied in spontaneously breathing pigs (group 1, n=9) and in mechanically ventilated pigs (group 2, n=18) to analyze quantitatively the bleeding course and the lethal mechanism.Spontaneously breathing animals all succumbed after a mean bleeding volume of 45.6±8.9ml, corresponding to about 50 per cent of the intracranial volume, and a mean bleeding duration of 11.0±2.6 min. Rapid rise in CSF pressures, marked transtentorial pressure gradients, and progressive reductions of cerebral perfusion pressure leading to a permanently iso-electric EEG, apnoea and to a terminal rise in arterial pressure (Cushing response), was the rule in these animals.The mechanically ventilated animals had smaller bleeding volumes (34.3±8.1 ml), but longer bleeding durations (13.8±5.8 min). In this group 7 animals survived. They had no pressure gradients, and only moderate changes in arterial pressure and EEG. The 11 animals that succumbed had marked transtentorial pressure gradients, but smaller increments in arterial pressure than the spontaneously breathing animals.At autopsy, subdurally located blood was found throughout the intracranial and spinal subdural compartments and along the spinal nerve roots in both groups.The results of this study suggest that survival after acute subdural haematoma is influenced by the presence of transtentorial pressure gradients and by the spinal sac acting as a space for expansion. The beneficial effect of artificial ventilation is discussed.This study has been supported by the University of Oslo, The Anders Jahre Foundation for The Advance of Research, and by the Norwegian Society for fighting Cancer.     

Experimental chronic dermatophytosis in human skin grafted to nude mouse: inoculation of Trichophytons and histopathological evaluation

Two strains of T. rubrum and one strain of T. mentagrophytes were inoculated into human skin grafted onto BALB/c nude mice by the needle puncture method. Infection was established in 1 of the 10 animals inoculated with fluffy colony type T. rubrum, 2 of the 10 animals inoculated with powdery colony type T. rubrum, and 7 of the 10 animals inoculated with granular colony type T. mentagrophytes, suggesting that the skin grafts are infectible by anthropophilic and zoophilic strains of dermatophytes. T. rubrum infection continued for a maximum of 9 weeks and T. mentagrophytes infection for more than 11 weeks. In the animals inoculated with T. mentagrophytes, fungal elements were localized in the stratum corneum of the human skin grafts. In the acute stage, microabscesses consisting of neutrophils were observed under the stratum corneum in contact with fungal elements; in the chronic stage, epidermal thickening and infiltration, mainly consisting of histiocytes and a smaller number of lymphocytes, was noted in the upper and middle dermis. Ultrastructural findings from the parasites were similar to those of dermatophytosis in man. This experimental system should be useful as a model of chronic dermatophyte infection in the human skin.     

炎症性肠病患者生存质量与其应对方式和社会支持的相关性

目的探讨炎症性肠病(IBD)患者的生存质量及其与应对方式和社会支持的相关性.方法应用中文IBD问卷(IBDQ)、简明健康调查问卷(SF-36)、简易应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表对71例IBD患者(IBD组)进行调查,并与103名正常人(对照组)进行比较.结果IBD患者SF-36及各维度评分显著低于对照组(均P＜0.01),积极应对评分亦显著低于对照组(P＜0.01).IBD患者的积极应对和社会支持与其生存质量呈正相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),消极应对与生存质量呈负相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论IBD患者的生存质量水平较低,良好的应对方式和社会支持能提高其生存质量.     

产后抑郁症相关因素调查研究

目的探讨产后抑郁症的相关因素.方法采用分层整群抽样方法,对长沙市4所医院300例产后6周复查的初产妇进行Edinburgh产后抑郁量表与自编问卷调查.结果产后抑郁症的发生率为17.3%;产妇年龄、婚姻状况、教育程度与产后抑郁症无关(均P＞0.05),分娩疼痛承受力、分娩方式、新生儿性别、母婴同室、母乳喂养为产后抑郁症的影响因素(P＜0.05、P＜0.01),且分娩方式是产后抑郁症的危险因素,分娩疼痛承受力与母婴同室是保护因素.结论产后抑郁症发生率较高,其影响因素应引起产科工作人员的重视.     

进展性缺血性脑卒中30例临床分析

目的:探讨进展性缺血性脑卒中:30例患者的危险因素。方法:分析了30例进展性缺血性脑卒中患者的血压、血糖、血脂及纤维蛋白原指标与30例非进展性缺血脑卒中患者指标对照,并进行统计学处理。结果:进展性缺血性脑卒中患者合并高血压例数明显高于对照组(P<0.01),血糖,血脂和纤维蛋白原指标也高于对照组(P<0.01,0.05)。结论:高血压,糖尿病,高血脂和高纤维蛋白原血症是进展性缺血性脑卒中的危险因素。     

伊柔美白霜对家兔皮肤祛斑效果的观察

目的考察伊柔美白霜的祛斑功效。方法在家兔皮肤上涂抹补骨脂酊，待日光照射使皮肤上形成黄褐斑后，涂抹伊柔美白霜。结果涂抹伊柔美白霜20d后，黄褐斑有明显减退。结论伊柔美白霜具有脱色、增白的功效。     

Requiring Consent vs. Waiving Consent for Medical Records Research: A Minnesota Law vs. the U.S. (HIPAA) Privacy Rule

The use of medical records in research can yield information that is difficult to obtain by other means. When such records are released to investigators in identifiable form, however, substantial privacy and confidentiality risks may be created. These risks become more common and more serious as medical records move to an electronic format. In 1996, the state of Minnesota enacted legislation with respect to consent requirements for the use of medical records in research. This legislation has been widely criticized because--it is claimed--it creates an unnecessary impediment to research. In this article, we show that these arguments rest upon misinterpretation and/or misrepresentation of the 1996 legislation. A consent requirement had actually been present in Minnesota since 1976 (though codified in a patient rights statute rather than a privacy statute). The 1996 law does not require specific consent, as often claimed, but rather only a general authorization. The campaign against the Minnesota legislation appears to have been motivated by concern with respect to the then impending federal privacy rule. The HIPAA rule, as enacted, is in fact less stringent with respect to consent than the Minnesota consent law. On the other hand, the Minnesota consent law has not been effectively applied or enforced. As we change the way we manage sensitive medical information, new efforts are needed to provide protection against the confidentiality risks in research. Patient consent is an important tool in this regard. New instrumentalities are needed to solicit and document consent.     

Growth inhibition of estrogen independent MXT mouse mammary carcinomas in mice treated with an agonist or antagonist of LH-RH,an analog of somatostatin,or a combination

Summary Female BDF₁ mice inoculated with MXT (3.2) estrogen independent mouse mammary carcinoma were treated for three weeks with microcapsules of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist [D-Trp⁶]LH-RH, the antagonist SB-75, the somatostatin analog RC-160, or combinations. The lack of estrogen dependence of the tumor was proved by bilateral surgical ovariectomy, which had no effect. In two experiments, treatment with 25µg/day doses of each analog alone resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth as shown by a 40–53% inhibition of tumor volumes, 38–43% decrease in tumor weights, and histological signs of tumor regression. However, the combination of SB-75 or [D-Trp⁶]LH-RH with somatostatin analog RC-160 caused greater reduction of tumor volume (68 and 61%) or tumor weights (59 and 56%), than single analogs, and histologically the occurrence of apoptosis and decrease in AgNOR numbers was more pronounced in the groups receiving combination therapy. Specific binding sites for [D-Trp⁶]LH-RH, EGF, and IGF-I were demonstrated in the tumor membranes. The binding capacity of LH-RH receptors was decreased by treatment with the analogs, the greatest down-regulation being caused by combination therapy. A significant decrease in EGF binding capacity was observed after treatment with the LH-RH analogs, alone or especially in combination with somatostatin analog RC-160. The combination of these analogs also caused a reduction in IGF-I receptors. The finding that LH-RH agonists and antagonists and somatostatin analogs inhibit the growth of estrogen independent mammary tumors, and that combinations are more effective than single analogs, might be of practical importance in human breast cancer therapy.