Higher executive abilities following a blood transfusion in children and young adults with sickle cell disease

Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience cognitive deficits; however, it remains unclear whether medical treatments for SCD improve cognition. Given that executive abilities are typically impaired in individuals with SCD, they were the focus of the current study. Our primary hypothesis was that executive abilities would be higher acutely soon after a blood transfusion in children and young adults with SCD. We used tests from the NIH Toolbox to assess executive abilities in 27 participants with SCD receiving chronic transfusion in comparison to 34 participants with SCD receiving hydroxyurea (HU) and 41 non‐SCD demographically matched controls, all of whom were tested at two time points. Participants in the transfusion group completed cognitive testing within 3 days after a transfusion (soon after transfusion) and then within 3 days before their next transfusion (long after transfusion) over an interval of 3‐7 weeks. We found that executive abilities were significantly poorer for the transfusion and HU groups than for the control group. In support of our primary hypothesis, executive abilities for the transfusion group were significantly better soon after a transfusion compared to long after a transfusion, χ²(1) = 17.8, P < .0001. Our results demonstrate that executive abilities were higher acutely following a blood transfusion. These findings have implications for daily functioning, medical decision making, and academic achievement in children and young adults with SCD.     

以前胡为例,探讨中药活性成分研究的思路与方法

前胡为中国药典收载的常用中药，我们在对其化学成分和生物活性深入系统研究的过程中，逐渐形成了对中药活性成分研究思路和方法的认识。本文主要结合我们长期的研究工作，综述了1993年后中药前胡在化学成分、质量标准、资源开发、有效成分的结构修饰与全合成以及药理活性方面的研究近况，其主要目的是介绍如何以前胡活性成分研究为基础，全面提高中药前胡的研究水平，并为新药开发奠定基础。对前胡的研究已初步建立起了活性成分的现代化研究模式，期望其研究思路与方法能为其它中药活性成分的研究提供参考。     

花芪灵丹丸质控标准研究

目的建立花芪灵丹丸的质量控制标准。方法采用显微鉴别法鉴别花芪灵丹丸中茯苓、牡丹皮、肉桂;采用薄层色谱法鉴别花芪灵丹丸中黄芪、红花、延胡索;采用高效液相色谱法定量检测花芪灵丹丸中丹参酮ⅡA的含量,建立质量控制标准。结果显微鉴别和薄层色谱鉴别效果好,专属性强;含量测定丹参酮ⅡA在0.01592μg~0.796μg范围内,进样量与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为101.5%(RSD值3.8%)。结论花芪灵丹丸的质控方法操作简便、结果准确、重现性好,而且能够对花芪灵丹丸进行定性和定量质控,符合中药制剂的质控要求,可用于花芪灵丹丸质量的控制。     

医学临床实验室环境细菌污染调查分析

目的调查本院临床实验室工作环境的卫生状况,使实验室工作人员应用《消毒技术规范》对环境清洁与消毒。方法采用回顾性分析的方法,对2007年本院临床实验室不同区域的空气、物体表面、消毒液、工作人员手等标本按《医院消毒卫生标准》要求监测的结果进行分析。结果984例监测标本545例超过标准,占55．39％;超标率最高为离心机,占88．89％、电话机占83．33％、其次为工作人员手占73．96％;临床体液实验室超标率最高,占65．15％、微生物实验室最低,占32．58％;菌株检出类别依次为革兰阳性球菌占45．19％,革兰阴性杆菌占29．79％（其中肠杆菌科占21．99％）,革兰阳性杆菌占14．49％,酵母样真菌占10．53％;从物体表面、工作人员手中分离出金黄色葡萄球菌67株、铜绿假单胞菌246株。结论本院临床实验室环境中的离心机和电话机的表面污染率最高,工作人员手污染严重。金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌存在于实验室中。实验室工作人员坚持日常清洁与消毒工作是环境保洁的重要环节,坚持手卫生是“标准预防”的重要措施。     

Educational attainment polygenic scores,socioeconomic factors,and cortical structure in children and adolescents

Genome‐wide polygenic scores for educational attainment (PGS‐EA) and socioeconomic factors, which are correlated with each other, have been consistently associated with academic achievement and general cognitive ability in children and adolescents. Yet, the independent associations of PGS‐EA and socioeconomic factors with specific underlying factors at the neural and neurocognitive levels are not well understood. The main goals of this study were to examine the unique contributions of PGS‐EA and parental education to cortical structure and neurocognitive skills in children and adolescents, and the associations among PGS‐EA, cortical structure, and neurocognitive skills. Participants were typically developing 3‐ to 21‐year‐olds (53% male; N = 391). High‐resolution, T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired, and cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) were measured. PGS‐EA were computed based on the EA3 genome‐wide association study of educational attainment. Participants completed executive function, vocabulary, and episodic memory tasks. Higher PGS‐EA and parental education were independently and significantly associated with greater total SA and vocabulary. Higher PGS‐EA was significantly associated with greater SA in the left medial orbitofrontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, which was associated with higher executive function. Higher parental education was significantly associated with greater SA in the left parahippocampal gyrus after accounting for PGS‐EA and total brain volume. These findings suggest that education‐linked genetics may influence SA in frontal regions, leading to variability in executive function. Associations of parental education with cortical structure in children and adolescents remained significant after controlling for PGS‐EA, a source of genetic confounding.     

黄连(味连)"有限成分组合质量标准"的研究

目的：制定黄连(味连)“有限成分组合质量标准”;探索建立评价中药材质量的方法学体系及其在中成药质量评价中的应用可行性。方法：分析味连各主产地样品成分,比较各样品在成分组成和药效上的差异,确定质量评价指标,并测定其在以黄连为主药的中成药中的含量。结果：制定了以小檗碱、黄连碱、药根碱、巴马汀及总生物碱含量上下限为指标的味连“有限成分组合质量标准”;提出了制定中药材质量标准的方法及操作规程;该方法可间接应用于中成药的质量标准制定。     

不同炮制方法对中药地黄化学成份的影响与分析

地黄由于炮制方法不同,处方时有鲜地黄、生地黄、熟地黄、生地炭、熟地炭等处方用名。而不同的炮制方法,可引起地黄有效药物成份的化学变化。掌握正确的炮制方法,炮制研究,药物功效及其炮制前后化学成份变化,对于临床选择处方,提高疗效具有重要意义。     

藏医学药用报春花科植物药材品种与标准整理研究

对藏医学中药用报春花科植物的品种、基原及标准状况进行了分析整理。结果表明,相关文献记载的藏医学药用的报春花科植物共有3属44种(含变种),涉及以藏文名计药材品种17个,以汉文名计药材24个,与中药交叉使用品种1种;在我国现行各级药材标准中收载的藏文名药材6个,涉及原植物6种,分别占35%,14%;收载汉文名药材品种7个,涉及原植物7种,分别占30%,16%。在藏药的标准和文献中,药材的藏文名、藏文音译汉文名及汉文名用字以及其原植物物种存在着较大的差异,质量控制方面仅有性状、显微鉴别等项规定,标准极不完善。通过文献考证、资源和使用现状调查,结合现代药学研究规范藏药材的名称和基原,提高规范化和标准化程度,确保药材质量稳定可控和临床用药安全有效,以促进藏医药产业技术进步。