The roles of phosphatidylethanol,ethyl glucuronide,and ethyl sulfate in identifying alcohol consumption among participants in professionals health programs

Direct alcohol biomarkers, including urinary ethyl glucuronide (EtG), urinary ethyl sulfate (EtS), and blood phosphatidylethanol (PEth), are used to monitor alcohol abstinence in individuals who are mandated to abstain. In this consecutive case series study, we examined 1000 forensic reports of participants enrolled in a professionals health program who were contractually obligated to abstain from alcohol and who underwent recovery status evaluations. We identified 52 evaluations in which urinary EtG, EtS, and blood PEth were measured and which produced a positive result for at least one of these analytes. PEth, at a cutoff concentration of 20 ng/mL, revealed alcohol use more frequently than EtG or EtS at our laboratory's cutoff concentrations of 100 and 25 ng/mL, respectively. This was true, as well, at alternative EtG/EtS cutoff concentrations of 200/50, 300/75, and 400/100 ng/mL. PEth was more likely than EtG/EtS to be positive in participants previously diagnosed with alcohol use disorders (AUD), whereas EtG/EtS was more likely than PEth to be positive in participants without AUD. In this study, blood PEth was the most sensitive biomarker for evidencing alcohol use.     

Activated,N-substituted acrylamide polymers for antibody coupling: Application to a novel membrane-based immunoassay

A room-temperature-precipitable, activated terpolymer consisting of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm)/N n-butylacrylamide(nBAAm)/N acryloxysuccinimide(NASI) (LCST = 7-13°C) at a monomer feed ratio of 60:40:2.5, respectively, was prepared and conjugated to an antibody. The conjugate was evaluated in a novel cellulose acetate (CA) membrane-based immunoassay which utilizes the especially strong physical attachment of the polymer to CA to bind and concentrate the polymer attached protein onto the membrane. When compared in the CA membrane immunoassay to the antibody-poly(NIPAAm) conjugate prepared via anhydrous copolymerization of NIPAAm and NASI at the monomer feed ratio of 40 : 1, respectively, the performance of the NIPAAm/nBAAm/NASI terpolymer was superior to that of the NIPAAm/NASI copolymer (LCST = 32°C) when the studies were carried out at room temperature. However, the terpolymer and copolymer gave equivalent performance when the assay mixture was heated to 45°C. These results indicate the importance of the LCST of the polymer component of the Ab-polymer conjugate to its adsorption and binding on the CA membrane.     

Difference in the thickness of mouthguards fabricated from ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymer sheets with differently arranged v-shaped grooves

PurposeTo investigate the form of mouthguard sheets that best retains its thickness.MethodsMouthguards were molded using ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) sheets and a suction-type molding device. Five sheet conditions were compared. These were I-N (Incisal part of the cast positioned at the center – Normal sheet), I-H (Incisal part positioned at the center – Horizontal v-shaped groove 30 mm from the anterior end), I-C (Incisal part positioned at the center – Convexing v-shaped groove toward the back 10–40 mm from the anterior end), C-N (Center part positioned at the center – Normal sheet), and C-C (Center part positioned at the center – Convexing v-shaped groove toward the back 10–30 mm from the anterior end). Post-molding thickness was determined for the incisal (incisal edge and labial surface) and molar portion (cusp, central groove, and buccal surface). Sheets were heated until they sagged 15-mm below the clamp. Scheffé multivariate comparison was performed to compare changes in post-molding thickness among sheet conditions.ResultsPost-molding thickness of mouthguard material differed significantly between the two portions; rates of thickness reduction were smaller for I-C and C-C compared with other conditions. There were no significant differences between I-C and C-C at any measurement points.ConclusionThe present results suggested that thickness reduction of the EVA sheet material after vacuum-forming may be decreased at both incisal and molar portions if the v-shaped groove with a v-shaped cross section was given in the frontal teeth region of the sheet at the apparatus and materials for this study used.     

Adenosine A2A receptors and brain injury: broad spectrum of neuroprotection, multifaceted actions and "fine tuning" modulation

This review summarizes recent developments that have contributed to understand how adenosine receptors, particularly A2A receptors, modulate brain injury in various animal models of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and HIV-associated dementia. It is clear that extracellular adenosine acting at adenosine receptors influences the functional outcome in a broad spectrum of brain injuries, indicating that A2A Rs may modulate some general cellular processes to affect neuronal cells death. Pharmacological, neurochemical and molecular/genetic approaches to the complex actions of A2A receptors in different cellular elements suggest that A2A receptor activation can be detrimental or protective after brain insults, depending on the nature of brain injury and associated pathological conditions. An interesting concept that emerges from these studies is A2A R's ability to fine tune neuronal and glial functions to produce neuroprotective effects. While the data presented here clearly highlight the complexity of using adenosinergic agents therapeutically in PD and other neurodegenerative disorders and point out many areas for further inquiry, they also confirm that adenosine receptor ligands, particularly A2A receptor ligands, have many promising characteristics that encourage the pursuit of their therapeutic potential.