CT三维重建在胸椎间孔穿刺定位中的应用

目的采用CT三维重建定位观察胸椎间孔,以确定胸椎间孔在椎板外侧的穿刺位置以及穿刺的深度。方法选取30例非胸椎病患者的CT三维重建胸椎图像,测量椎间孔所在水平面到上位胸椎棘突中点水平面之间距离、椎间孔外口到正中线距离以及椎间孔到棘突尖距离、椎间孔前后径和上下径。结果①T1-3椎间孔到各自上一椎体棘突中点平面为（20.5±3.0）mm,T4-6为（5.1±4.7）mm,T7-9为（4.4±2.0）mm,T10-12为（19.6±5.4）mm。②在T7处,椎间孔至正中线和棘突尖的距离最近,分别（15.2±4.8）mm和（44.3±5.9）mm,向上或向下逐渐增加。③椎间孔前后径为（9.8±1.4）mm。④椎间孔上下径（12.1±3.5）mm。结论胸椎间孔可以经上位棘突准确定位。     

66例部分性房室管畸形的外科治疗

目的总结部分性房室管畸形手术治疗的经验,以提高治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1984年1月－2007年12月经外科治疗部分性房室管畸形患者66例的临床资料,对二尖瓣大瓣裂的处理：单纯裂缺缝合52例,缝合加交界折叠缝缩8例,加小瓣成形1例,加缝置St．Jude软质人工成形环3例,人工机械瓣置换术2例;对原发孔型房间隔缺损的修补：采用涤纶补片修补12例,自体心包54例;采用Kirklin法将冠状静脉窦口隔入左心房5例,MeGoon法将冠状静脉窦口隔入右心房61例;同期处理其他合并畸形。结果术后早期死亡2例（3．03％）,1例死于心律失常,另1例死于呼吸功能衰竭。术后发生Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞2例,均安装永久性心脏起搏器。术后随访52例（81．3％）,随访时间5个月～22年,平均15年,心功能均有明显改善,尤其是术前心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级的19例患者,术后改善为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。再次手术4例,其中1例经再次行二尖瓣置换术治愈;术后死亡3例,1例死于急性。肾功能衰竭,2例死于低心排血量综合征。结论早期手术治疗可以保全房室瓣结构、功能,避免发生肺动脉高压和降低死亡率。手术治疗的关键是消除二尖瓣关闭不全、修补原发孔型房间隔缺损和避免损伤传导组织,术后近、中期疗效良好;有残留中度以上二尖瓣反流者,远期效果不满意。     

Interscalene block for postoperative analgesia using only ultrasound guidance: the outcome in 200 patients

Study ObjectiveTo report the results of single and continuous interscalene blocks (ISB) performed using ultrasound (US) guidance only.DesignProspective, observational study.SettingOperating room of a university-affiliated orthopaedic hospital.Patients200 ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing shoulder or elbow surgery.InterventionsSingle or continuous ISB were placed using US guidance only. All blocks were performed by anesthesiology residents and supervised by faculty anesthesiologists.MeasurementsSuccess rate and frequency of untoward events such as needle paresthesia, vessel puncture, infection, and persistent neurologic deficits were prospectively recorded.Main Results99% of patients reported sensory and motor changes in the distribution of the brachial plexus and postoperative pain scores ≤ 2. The rates of needle paresthesia and vessel puncture were 6% and 1%, respectively. Two patients (1%) reported transient neurologic deficits. No signs or symptoms of infection or intravascular injection were noted. There were also no permanent neurologic deficits.ConclusionsIn this group of 200 consecutive patients, the success rate for postoperative analgesia using US guidance only was 99%. Untoward events such as needle paresthesia and persistent neurologic deficits were lower than existing data on nerve stimulation and paresthesia techniques. Ultrasound can be successfully used as a “stand alone” method to perform ISB.     

Single-Injection Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Blocks for Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty

This study was designed to evaluate the addition of a single-injection sciatic nerve block to a femoral nerve block for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Fifty-seven patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty were randomized to receive femoral nerve blockade or a sham block. A subsequent 31 patients received both femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (FSNBs) before general anesthesia. Intravenous morphine use and visual analog pain scale scores were recorded at regular intervals. Femoral and sciatic nerve blocks were placed in less than five minutes, on average. Lower visual analog pain scale scores were noted in both femoral nerve blockade and FSNB groups compared to shams through 48 hours. Morphine use was significantly lower in the FSNB group. Femoral and sciatic nerve block can be placed quickly and consistently in the operating room with improved postoperative pain relief and reduced narcotic consumption.     

Prognosis in patients with left bundle branch block and normal dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy

Background  The presence of complete left bundle branch block (LBBB) is commonly associated with a poorer prognosis, especially in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In the general population with suspected CAD and normal intraventricular conduction, a normal dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy is a strong marker of a favorable outcome. Objective  Our objective was to assess the prognosis in patients with LBBB and a normal dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigram. Population and methods  Patients with complete LBBB and normal myocardial perfusion on dipyridamole SPECT thallium-201 scintigraphy performed in our center for suspected CAD between 1988 and 1995 were monitored for clinical events. Results  Sixty-nine patients (36 women and 33 men) with a mean age of 59 years (range 56 to 61) were monitored for a mean period of 33 months (range 25 to 35). During this period, 4 patients had unstable angina, 2 of whom underwent myocardial revascularization. There were no deaths or myocardial infarction. All events occurred at least 2 years after the thallium-201 scintigraphy. Conclusion  The presence of a normal myocardial perfusion with dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy in this group of patients with suspected CAD and LBBB was associated with a very good prognosis, a low rate of clinical events occurring only 2 years after the myocardial scintigraphy, and no hard events.     

Tibial bone bridge and bone block fixation in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction without hardware: a technical note

Current techniques for tibial graft fixation in four tunnels double bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are by means of two interference screws or by extracortical fixation with a variety of different implants. We introduce a new alternative tibial graft fixation technique for four tunnels DB ACL reconstruction without hardware. About 3.5 to 5.5 cm bone cylinder with a diameter of 7 mm is harvested from the anteromedial (and posterolateral) tibial bone tunnel (s) with a core reamer. The anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) hamstring tendon grafts (or alternatively tendon allografts) are looped over an extracortical femoral fixation device and cut in length according to the total femorotibial bone tunnel length. The distal 3 cm of each, the AM- and PL bundle graft are armed with two strong No. 2 nonresorbable sutures and the four suture ends of each graft are tied to each other over the 2 cm wide cortical bone bridge between the tibial AM and PL bone tunnel. In addition the AM- and/or PL bone block which was harvested at the beginning of the procedure is re-impacted into the two tibial bone tunnels. A dorsal splint is used for the first two postoperative weeks and physiotherapy is started the second postoperative day. The technique is applicable for four tunnels DB ACL reconstruction in patients with good tibial bone quality. The strong fixation technique preserves important tibial bone stock and avoids the use of tibial hardware which knows disadvantages. It does increase tendon to bone contact and tendon-to-bone healing and does reduce implant costs to those of a single bundle (SB) ACL reconstruction. Revision surgery may be facilitated significantly but the technique should not be used when bony defects are present. In case of insufficient bone bridge fixation or bone blocks hardware fixation can be applied as usual. Not supported by outside funding or grant(s): No benefits in any form have been received, or will be received, from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. The study complies with the current laws of the country, in which it was performed.     

胫腓骨骨折术后镇痛的研究进展

胫腓骨骨折是最为常见的下肢骨折,切开复位内固定术是最常用的治疗方法。但术后会产生持续而剧烈的疼痛,如果术后疼痛不能得到有效的控制,不仅会影响伤口的早期愈合,更有甚者会导致慢性神经病理性疼痛。胫腓骨骨折术后镇痛的方法有硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）、药物镇痛和患者自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）,但近年来周围神经阻滞技术由于镇痛效果好,不良反应少,而被广泛应用于临床工作中。本文总结现有文献综述胫腓骨骨折术后镇痛的研究进展。     

静脉预注右美托咪定在罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉中的临床应用研究

目的：探讨静脉预注右美托咪定对罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉效应及生命体征的影响。方法：选择符合标准的患者89例,随机分为观察组45例和对照组44例,观察组在麻醉前应用右美托咪定,对照组给予等体积的0．9％氯化钠注射液,观察记录入室（T0）、开始预注后10min（T1）、麻醉穿刺时（ T2）、开始预注后30min（ T3）、60min（ T4）及术后即刻（ T5）、术后10min（ T6）、30min（ T7） Ramsay镇静评分、平均动脉压（ MAP ）及心率（ HR）,以及麻醉效果。结果：两组患者T 0时Ramsay镇静评分相似,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）,T 1～T 7时间点观察组高于本组T 0时间点,并且高于对照组相应时间点评分,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。两组患者最高感觉阻滞平面及运动阻滞达到Bromage 3分时间相似,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）;但是观察组最高感觉阻滞平面消退至S1的时间及运动阻滞恢复至Bromage 0分的时间长于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。两组患者T0时间点MAP 及HR相似,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）;两组患者T1～T5时间点MAP、HR与本组T0时比较,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;两组相应时间点MAP 相似,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）;观察组HR低于对照组相应时间点,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05).结论：静脉预注右美托咪定可以延长罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞感觉及运动阻滞时间,对血压无明显影响,能较好的维持循环稳定.     

右美托咪定复合颈浅丛阻滞对甲状腺手术麻醉效果的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪定联合颈浅神经丛阻滞对甲状腺手术麻醉效果的影响.方法:选择2013年6月~2016年6月在我院行甲状腺手术的患者80例,随机分为对照组(A组)和实验组(B组),每组40例.B组患者术中静脉泵注负荷剂量1.0μg/kg右美托咪定,之后以0.6~0.8μg/kg·h维持,A组泵注同容量的生理盐水.分别记录患者麻醉前,切皮时,分离腺体,腺体切除,切口缝合等时间点的HR、MAP、SpO2、RR等生命体征和Ramsay镇静评分;比较两组患者术中内脏牵拉反应的改善情况以及术后不良反应的发生情况.结果:B组患者的HR、MAP较A组低,差异具有统计学意义,两组患者SpO2变化不显著.结果显示B组患者T0~T2时间段呼吸频率与A组比较较少,且差异显著.比较两组患者术中不同时间点的Ramsay镇静评分,发现手术开始之后B组患者的镇静状态优于A组.B组患者术中内脏牵拉反应的改善情况优于A组患者.术后苏醒期60 min时,B组患者较A组患者安静,没有明显的躁动行为.记录患者术后不良反应的发生情况,B组患者发生恶心呕吐及呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生率明显低于A组.结论:右美托咪定联合颈浅神经丛阻滞对行甲状腺切除术的患者有明显的镇静作用,可以稳定血流动力学,降低恶心呕吐及呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生率,为临床上改善麻醉效果提供一定的依据.     

影响体外鼠胚试验标准化的要素分析

不孕症已成为影响人类生殖健康的全球性问题,作为治疗不孕症的一种重要治疗手段,辅助生殖技术经过几十年的发展已经获得长足进步。辅助生殖技术用医疗器械产业快速发展,对此类产品进行风险管理,制定相应的安全性评价检测方法已势在必行。2016年行业标准YY/T 1434-2016《人类体外辅助生殖技术用医疗器械体外鼠胚试验》已经发布,本文就体外鼠胚试验中的关键节点和试验体系要素进行简要综述。