老年妇女宫腔积脓20例诊治体会

目的探讨老年妇女子宫腔积脓的病因、临床表现、诊断及治疗方法。方法对20例老年妇女宫腔积脓患者的病史、临床表现及实验室检查进行总结分析,均采用阴道宫颈扩张官腔冲洗引流术。结果20例患者均保守治疗成功,无一例行手术治疗,治愈率为100％。结论宫腔积脓好发于绝经妇女,有时症状不典型易造成误诊,所以对绝经后官腔积液的妇女,应尽早行官腔探查,这是避免误诊,并做到早期诊断治疗的关键。     

Disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia farcinica in a patient with colon cancer: A case report and literature review

Rationale:Nocardiosis is an uncommon and potentially life-threatening infection that usually affects immunocompromised hosts. No clinical guidelines have been established for managing this rare disease, and the optimal treatment modality remains unclear. Nocardia farcinica, a relatively infrequent pathogen of nocardiosis, causes a clinically aggressive infection. In addition to our patient data, our search of the literature for patients who presented with empyema caused by N. farcinica will provide fundamental information for optimal treatment modalities.Patient concerns:A 64-year-old man was diagnosed with empyema, 4 days following surgery for sigmoid colon cancer. Brain lesions were evaluated only after N. farcinica was isolated and identified as the causative pathogen through repeated culture tests.Diagnoses:N. farcinica was isolated from the pleural effusion and confirmed as the pathogen through 16S rRNA sequencing.Interventions:The patient was successfully treated with tube thoracotomy, neurosurgical evacuation, and a combination of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole plus imipenem. Long-term antibiotic therapy was required to prevent recurrence.Outcomes:Pyothorax showed a good clinical response to antimicrobial therapy and drainage of pleural effusion, whereas brain abscess did not respond to medical therapy and required surgery. The patient eventually recovered and continued chemotherapy as treatment for sigmoid colon cancer.Lessons:Although extremely rare, this report demonstrates the importance of considering Nocardia infection as the differential diagnosis in immunocompromised patients who present with empyema. In particular, because of the N. farcinica infection''s tendency to spread and the resistance of the organism to antibiotics, aggressive evaluation of metastatic lesions and standardized support from microbiological laboratories are important. Surgery may be required in some patients with brain abscesses to improve the chance of survival.     

Fusobacterium Septicemia Complicated by Cerebral Subdural and Epidural Empyemas: A Rare Case of Lemierre Syndrome

Background

Lemierre syndrome is characterized by postanginal septicemia and internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis with secondary septic emboli, typically to the lungs. The central nervous system (CNS) is rarely involved.

Objective

To present a case of Lemierre syndrome featuring cerebral subdural and epidural empyemas.

Case Report

This case report describes the case of a 17-year-old youth with cerebral subdural and epidural empyemas. The findings of chest computed tomography of the neck and the blood cultures were compatible with Lemierre syndrome. The patient recovered well after antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement.

Conclusion

Lemierre syndrome can result in infection spreading to the CNS, including cerebral subdural and epidural empyemas. This disease entity should be included in the differential diagnoses of CNS bacterial infections.     

结核性脓胸的外科治疗探讨

目的探讨结核性脓胸的外科治疗效果和手术适应症。方法选取2005年1月～2010年1月手术切除的60例结核性脓胸患者,观察其外科手术治疗的临床疗效。所有病例中病变位于右侧胸腔31例,左侧胸腔23例,结核性全脓胸5例、肺结核合并结核性全脓胸3例、结核性包裹性脓胸33例、肺结核合并结核性包裹性脓胸2例、结核性脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘13例。结果胸膜纤维板剥脱术患者51例,其中单纯脏层胸膜纤维板剥脱术39例;大网膜或带蒂肌瓣胸腔内移植术6例;行胸膜肺切除术2例;行支气管胸膜瘘修补术4例。9例患者肺剥脱破裂口修补使用可吸收性聚乙醇酸修补材料,总治愈率76.67%。随访期间未发现复发病例。结论结核性脓胸应及早外科治疗,手术是治疗结核性脓胸的安全、有效,值得临床推广应用。     

Is there any role for thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of benign pleural effusions

Thoracoscopy in the endoscopy suite, has a high diagnostic yield of undiagnosed pleural effusions with minimal and mild complications. Whereas relatively minimal invasive techniques, such as thoracentesis, image‐guided pleural biopsy or blind pleural biopsy, can yield sufficient cell or tissue material to establish the diagnosis of the underlying condition, more definite invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, such as thoracoscopy, may be required for accurate sampling and diagnosis, and further provide real‐time treatment options in same procedure. If thoracoscopy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis is a fact in case. The current review aims to provide informations on thoracoscopy indications in benign pleural diseases according to up to date publications.     

Bacterial causes of empyema in children, Australia, 2007-2009

An increase in the incidence of empyema worldwide could be related to invasive pneumococcal disease caused by emergent nonvaccine replacement serotypes. To determine bacterial pathogens and pneumococcal serotypes that cause empyema in children in Australia, we conducted a 2-year study of 174 children with empyema. Blood and pleural fluid samples were cultured, and pleural fluid was tested by PCR. Thirty-two (21.0%) of 152 blood and 53 (33.1%) of 160 pleural fluid cultures were positive for bacteria; Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common organism identified. PCR identified S. pneumoniae in 74 (51.7%) and other bacteria in 19 (13.1%) of 145 pleural fluid specimens. Of 53 samples in which S. pneumoniae serotypes were identified, 2 (3.8%) had vaccine-related and 51 (96.2%) had nonvaccine serotypes; 19A (n = 20; 36.4%), 3 (n = 18; 32.7%), and 1 (n = 8; 14.5%) were the most common. High proportions of nonvaccine serotypes suggest the need to broaden vaccine coverage.     

Intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator and deoxyribonuclease therapy for pleural infection

Pleural infection remains a global health burden associated with significant morbidity. Drainage of the infected pleural fluid is important but can often be hindered by septations and loculations. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy alone, to break pleural adhesions, has shown no convincing advantages over placebo in improving clinical outcome. Deoxyribonucleoprotein from degradation of leukocytes contributes significantly to high viscosity of infected pleural fluid. Recombinant deoxyribonuclease (DNase) is effective in reducing pleural fluid viscosity in pre-clinical studies. The combination of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and DNase was effective in animal model experiments of empyema. The benefits were established in a randomized clinical trial: those (n=48) treated with tPA/DNase had significantly improved radiological outcomes and reduced need of surgery and duration of hospital stay. A longitudinal observational series of 107 patients further confirmed the effectiveness and safety of tPA/DNase therapy, including its use as ‘rescue therapy’ when patients failed to respond to antibiotics and chest tube drainage. Overall, a short course of intrapleural tPA (10 mg) and DNase (5 mg) therapy provides a cure in over 90% of patients without requiring surgery. The treatment stimulates pleural fluid formation, enhances radiographic clearance and resolution of systemic inflammation. Serious complications are uncommon; pleural bleeding requiring transfusion occurred in ~2% of cases. Pain can occur, especially with the first dose. Treatment is contraindicated in those with significant bleeding diathesis or a bronchopleural fistula. Future research is required to optimize dosing regimens and in refining patient selection.     

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??Empyema is a kind of common infectious disease?? more common in infants and young children. Because of the different etiology??pathogenic bacteria and parts??pediatric empyema has more characteristics compared with adults, such as rapid progress and dangerous course. If not handled properly, empyema in children will lead to more complications. Therefore, clinicians need to identify the characteristics of empyeme earlier, make accurate diagnosis according to the pathological stage and perform timely and effective treatment.     

Changes in the incidence and bacterial aetiology of paediatric parapneumonic pleural effusions/empyema in Germany, 2010–2017: a nationwide surveillance study

ObjectivesParapneumonic pleural effusions/empyema (PPE/PE) are severe complications of community-acquired pneumonia. We investigated the bacterial aetiology and incidence of paediatric PPE/PE in Germany after the introduction of universal pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) immunization for infants.MethodsChildren <18 years of age hospitalized with pneumonia-associated PPE/PE necessitating pleural drainage or persisting >7 days were reported to the German Surveillance Unit for Rare Diseases in Childhood between October 2010 and June 2017. All bacteria detected in blood or pleural fluid (by culture/PCR) were included, with serotyping for Streptococcus pneumoniae.ResultsThe median age of all 1447 PPE/PE patients was 5 years (interquartile range 3–10). In 488 of the 1447 children with PPE/PE (34%), 541 bacteria (>40 species) were detected. Aerobic gram-positive cocci accounted for 469 of 541 bacteria detected (87%); these were most frequently Streptococcus pneumoniae (41%), Streptococcus pyogenes (19%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6%). Serotype 3 accounted for 45% of 78 serotyped S. pneumoniae strains. Annual PPE/PE incidence varied between 14 (95%CI 12–16) and 18 (95%CI 16–21) PPE/PE per million children. Incidence of S. pneumoniae PPE/PE decreased from 3.5 (95%CI 2.5–4.6) per million children in 2010/11 to 1.5 (95%CI 0.9–2.4) in 2013/14 (p 0.002), followed by a re-increase to 2.2 (95%CI 1.5–3.2) by 2016/17 (p 0.205).ConclusionsIn the era of widespread PCV immunization, cases of paediatric PPE/PE were still caused mainly by S. pneumoniae and, increasingly, by S. pyogenes. The re-increase in the incidence of PPE/PE overall and in S. pneumoniae-associated PPE/PE indicates ongoing changes in the bacterial aetiology and requires further surveillance.