Understanding the mental health of youth living with perinatal HIV infection: lessons learned and current challenges

Introduction

Across the globe, children born with perinatal HIV infection (PHIV) are reaching adolescence and young adulthood in large numbers. The majority of research has focused on biomedical outcomes yet there is increasing awareness that long-term survivors with PHIV are at high risk for mental health problems, given genetic, biomedical, familial and environmental risk. This article presents a review of the literature on the mental health functioning of perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) adolescents, corresponding risk and protective factors, treatment modalities and critical needs for future interventions and research.

Methods

An extensive review of online databases was conducted. Articles including: (1) PHIV+ youth; (2) age 10 and older; (3) mental health outcomes; and (4) mental health treatment were reviewed. Of 93 articles identified, 38 met inclusion criteria, the vast majority from the United States and Europe.

Results

These studies suggest that PHIV+ youth experience emotional and behavioural problems, including psychiatric disorders, at higher than expected rates, often exceeding those of the general population and other high-risk groups. Yet, the specific role of HIV per se remains unclear, as uninfected youth with HIV exposure or those living in HIV-affected households displayed similar prevalence rates in some studies, higher rates in others and lower rates in still others. Although studies are limited with mixed findings, this review indicates that child-health status, cognitive function, parental health and mental health, stressful life events and neighbourhood disorder have been associated with worse mental health outcomes, while parent–child involvement and communication, and peer, parent and teacher social support have been associated with better function. Few evidence-based interventions exist; CHAMP+, a mental health programme for PHIV+ youth, shows promise across cultures.

Conclusions

This review highlights research limitations that preclude both conclusions and full understanding of aetiology. Conversely, these limitations present opportunities for future research. Many PHIV+ youth experience adequate mental health despite vulnerabilities. However, the focus of research to date highlights the identification of risks rather than positive attributes, which could inform preventive interventions. Development and evaluation of mental health interventions and preventions are urgently needed to optimize mental health, particularly for PHIV+ youth growing up in low-and-middle income countries.     

某部新兵集训期心理状况与情绪调节方式及认知偏向的关系

目的 研究某部新兵集训2个月时应激水平、情绪体验特点与情绪调节方式和认知偏向的关系.方法 采用心理应激自评问卷(psychological stress self-evaluation test,PSET)、正性负性情感量表(positive and negative affect scale,PANAS)、情绪调节方式问卷(emotion regulation scale,ERS)和正性负性认知偏向量表(attention to positive and negative inventory scale,APNIS)对某部集训期新兵1 600人进行整群抽样调查.结果 ①某部新兵心理应激T分为(50.04±10.00).不同文化程度新兵心理应激水平差异有统计学意义(F =3.25,P＜0.05).②心理应激高分组在负性情绪、负性认知偏向和表达抑制上均显著高于心理应激低分组(P＜0.01),在正性情绪、正性认知偏向和认知重评上显著低于低分组(P＜0.01).③总体心理应激水平与正性情绪、正性认知偏向和认知重评呈显著负相关(r值分别为-0.49、-0.32、-0.21,P＜0.01);与负性情绪、负性认知偏向和表达抑制呈显著正相关(r值分别为0.48、0.34、0.12,P＜0.01).④正性情绪、负性情绪、负性认知偏向和正性认知偏向可有效预测心理应激水平,总解释率为37.6％.⑤认知重评在正性情绪与心理应激水平之间起调节作用.结论 新兵的心理应激水平与情绪体验特点、情绪调节方式之间密切相关.     

Synthesis of HSP70 in blood leukocytes as a marker of stress resistance during adaptation

The effect of preadaptation to non-damaging emotional stress on the synthesis of HSP70 (stress-limiting factor) in peripheral blood leukocytes was studied in experiments on August and Wistar rats characterized by different sensitivity of the gastric mucosa to stress-induced injury. It was found that preadaptation improves stress resistance of Wistar rats characterized by lower innate resistance to acute mental stress and activates HSP70 synthesis in blood leukocytes. In August rats characterized by higher resistance to acute stress, adaptation reduced the resistance to stress-induced injuries, which was accompanied by the absence of activation of HSP70 synthesis in leukocytes compared to the level observed in nonadapted rats during acute stress. Thus, the intensity of HSP70 synthesis in peripheral blood leukocytes can serve as a marker of changes in animal resistance to acute stress caused by adaptation to non-damaging stress exposures and probably to other environmental factors. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 144, No. 12, pp. 613–616, December, 2007     

Young Urban Adolescents' Activity Spaces,Close Peers,and the Risk of Cannabis Use: A Social–Spatial Longitudinal Analysis

Background: An understudied, yet important area of youth development research is the examination of how place affects critical psychosocial processes such as identity formation, problem solving, emotional regulation, and in particular with adolescents, belongingness, autonomy, social competency, and behavioral health. A growing spatially informed literature indicates that youth interact with meaningful places as environmental strategies, shaping developmental trajectories related to behavioral health. Objectives: The objective is to investigate the relationship between place preference and health behavior among adolescents, with a focus on substance use behavior, specifically, cannabis use. We theorize that cannabis use is associated with place preference for urban, city types of places, and that this particular place preference interacts with close peer network behaviors. Methods: To understand the role of preferred locations, close peer relations, and mental health on cannabis use, 248 adolescents (ages 13 to 14) were studied longitudinally. Logistic regression models tested the moderating effects of peer network health (sum of close friends risk and protective behaviors) on selecting city locations (urban stress/neighborhoods) as preferred places, and subsequent cannabis use. Results: Results indicated that peer network health moderated the effects of choosing city locations as favorite, increasing the odds of cannabis use more than eight-fold at 24 months. Conclusions: Favorite places located in city environments appear to interact with peer risk behaviors influencing the cannabis use of young urban adolescents, even after controlling for the influence of baseline cannabis use, neighborhood disorder the home neighborhood, age, gender, and mental health effects.     

The Comprehensive Female Soldier Support Model

Women represent a small minority in the U.S. military and an even smaller minority in the military chaplaincy. Prior to this study, the U.S. Army chaplaincy did not have a gender-specific model for providing support to women soldiers. In this Delphi research project, wounded women soldiers and female military chaplains provided expert opinions to develop the comprehensive female soldier support model (CFS2). Ten military women and 11 female chaplains who had been deployed overseas contributed to the body of knowledge related to the understanding of the emotional and spiritual support needs of wounded female soldiers. Five key findings appeared in the study: (a) many women did not get the chaplain support they needed; (b) the gender of the chaplain was not significant; (c) the attitude of the chaplain was critical; (d) chaplain skills not found in literature were identified; and (e) the comprehensive female soldier support model was developed.     

沙门菌致病岛1蛋白促进神经母细胞瘤Warburg效应的作用及分子机制

目的探讨沙门菌致病岛1(SPI1)蛋白在神经母细胞瘤中调控有氧糖酵解(即Warburg效应)的作用及分子机制。方法运用公用数据库,解析神经母细胞瘤中调控Warburg效应的候选关键转录因子SPI1;经嘌呤霉素筛选,获得稳定过表达/敲低SPI1的SK-N-BE(2)细胞株,分为空载体对照(Mock)组、SPI1过表达(SPI1)组、随机干扰(sh-Scb)组、SPI1干扰(sh-SPI1)组;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)、染色质免疫共沉淀、双荧光素酶报告基因及蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测靶基因启动子活性和表达水平;分光光度计法和糖酵解压力试验检测有氧糖酵解水平;软琼脂克隆形成和基质胶侵袭检测瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭活性。组间比较采用t检验。结果SPI1组己糖激酶2(HK2)表达高于Mock组(3.63±0.53比1.00±0.05,t=17.462,P<0.05),磷酸甘油酸激酶1(PGK1)表达高于Mock组(3.28±0.39比1.00±0.03,t=17.651,P<0.05),细胞外酸化率(ECAR)高于sh-Scb组[(32.17±3.15)mpH/min比(9.82±1.49)mpH/min,t=10.352,P<0.05],克隆形成数高于Mock组[(163.30±7.59)个比(48.02±4.85)个,t=17.840,P<0.05],侵袭细胞数高于Mock组[(184.70±10.58)个比(88.33±5.56)个,t=8.214,P<0.05]。sh-SPI1组HK2表达低于sh-Scb组(0.33±0.02比1.00±0.04,t=14.370,P<0.05),PGK1表达低于sh-Scb组(0.34±0.02比1.00±0.03,t=19.192,P<0.05),ECAR值低于sh-Scb组(3.07±0.48比10.05±1.37,t=7.580,P<0.05),克隆形成数低于sh-Scb组[(21.33±3.96)个比(44.67±5.69)个,t=5.916,P<0.05],侵袭细胞数低于sh-Scb组[(40.67±3.48)个比(88.00±6.89)个,t=4.994,P<0.05],差异均有统计学意义。结论转录因子SPI1通过增强HK2和PGK1表达,促进神经母细胞瘤的Warburg效应和肿瘤进展。     

情绪诱发在护理本科生心肺复苏技能教学中的应用

目的 探讨情绪诱发在护理本科生心肺复苏技能教学中的应用效果。 方法 将2018级35名和2019级31名护理本科生分别设为对照组和观察组。对照组在心肺复苏技能教学中采用教师演示、学生练习、教师指导的传统教学模式,观察组在传统教学模式的基础上融入不同主题的情绪诱发内容。 结果 课程结束后即刻、3个月和6个月观察组心肺复苏技能及心肺复苏施救自我效能得分显著优于对照组（均P＜0.05）,随着时间的推移心肺复苏技能得分无显著下降。 结论 情绪诱发融入式教学可有效提高护理本科生的学习投入度,从而提高学习效果,促进心肺复苏技能、心肺复苏施救自我效能的保留。