心脏组织工程中细胞和生物支架的研究热点

文题释义：心脏组织工程：是基于组织工程的技术和原理,利用合适来源的细胞和生物支架制造心脏移植物,用于代替受损心脏组织或促进心肌细胞增殖,以恢复或改善心脏功能的技术。 生物支架：是组织工程技术中用于对细胞成分起支撑作用的移植物,其构成成分类似于细胞外基质成分,部分支架具有孔隙等允许血液中氧气及营养物质通过。 背景：心脏组织工程技术的出现和发展,为心血管疾病尤其是心肌梗死的治疗提供了新的选择。 目的：通过对心脏组织工程的2个核心要素即细胞和生物支架的研究进展进行综述,以期为心脏组织工程技术应用于心血管疾病治疗提供参考及依据。 方法：通过检索PubMed 数据库及中国知网数据库2010至2019年期间心脏组织工程相关文章,以“cardiac tissue engineering,cardiomyocytes differentiation,cardiac tissue engineering,cardiomyocytes differentiation,bone marrow derived stem cells,human embryonic stem cells,induced pluripotent stem cells,menstrual blood stem cells,biological scaffolds”为英文检索词,以“心脏组织工程,心肌细胞分化,干细胞,生物支架”等为中文检索词,最终选择78篇英文文献纳入研究。 结果与结论：多种来源的细胞(包括心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞、心脏成纤维细胞、骨髓来源干细胞、胚胎干细胞、诱导多能干细胞、月经血干细胞)和生物支架(包括水凝胶、脱细胞支架、细胞片及心脏芯片)都可应用于心脏组织工程,但心脏组织工程仍然存在诸多需要解决的问题,如合适的细胞来源、新型支架材料的研发、诱导分化技术的优化,植入时机及途径的优化。 ORCID:0000-0003-2763-5535(王萍) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

自身免疫调节因子在小鼠胚胎干细胞向胸腺上皮祖细胞分化中的表达

文题释义：自身免疫调节因子：基因分析显示由于单基因突变引起一种自身免疫病,此基因则被命名为自身免疫调节因子即AIRE基因。AIRE基因的突变或者缺失会造成胸腺内自身组织特异性抗原转录缺失,影响阴性选择,从而致使自身反应性T细胞逃逸外周,引起自身免疫反应。AIRE基因一直是免疫学相关研究中的热点。胸腺上皮细胞：胸腺上皮细胞分为髓质胸腺上皮细胞和皮质胸腺上皮细胞,二者均来源于胸腺上皮祖细胞,据研究报道髓质胸腺上皮细胞表达的AIRE基因调控着胸腺内的阴性选择,但是由于胸腺上皮祖细胞和胸腺上皮细胞不易分离且数量少,其应用和研究一直受限。该实验在体外将胚胎干细胞分化为胸腺上皮祖细胞,可以为相关研究提供细胞来源。  摘要背景：自身免疫性疾病主要是由于胸腺内自身组织特异性抗原持续表达缺失而引起强烈免疫应答的一类疾病,而胸腺功能减退和胸腺内组织特异性抗原的不稳定表达会限制治疗效果。胸腺组织主要由胸腺上皮细胞组成,但胸腺内成熟胸腺上皮细胞和胸腺上皮祖细胞有限的数量来源极大限制了相关研究。目的：研究小鼠胚胎干细胞向胸腺上皮祖细胞分化过程中自身免疫调节因子的表达变化。方法：采用两步分化方法定向诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为内胚层再分化为胸腺上皮祖细胞,分别收集定向诱导分化第0,3,13天细胞,采用细胞免疫荧光、流式细胞术、Western blot、Real-Time PCR 检测相关基因及蛋白的表达变化。结果与结论：①诱导分化第0天,免疫荧光检测OCT4、SSEA1表达阳性;诱导分化第3天,免疫荧光检测SOX17、FoxA2呈双阳性表达;诱导分化第13天,流式细胞术检测EpCAM1、K5、K8表达阳性;②Real-time PCR检测小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化过程中PAX1、PAX9、FOXN1、PLET1基因表达逐渐增高;③Real-time PCR检测分化第0,3,13天AIRE基因表达升高,INS2、GAD67基因表达也升高;④Western blot检测分化第0,3,13天AIRE蛋白表达降低,胰岛素蛋白、GAD67蛋白均无表达;⑤结果表明,小鼠胚胎干细胞成功分化为胸腺上皮祖细胞,且分化而来的胸腺上皮祖细胞中AIRE基因表达很高,促进了INS2、GAD67基因的表达,为细胞移植治疗自身免疫性疾病提供评价依据。ORCID: 0000-0001-5253-3085(胡蓉) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

Dual expression of Epstein-Barr virus,latent membrane protein-1 and human papillomavirus-16 E6 transform primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts through NF-κB signaling

The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infections in patients with oral cancer in Okinawa, southwest islands of Japan, has led to the hypothesis that carcinogenesis is related to EBV and HPV co-infection. To explore the mechanisms of transformation induced by EBV and HPV co-infection, we analyzed the transformation of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) expressing EBV and HPV-16 genes, alone or in combination. Expression of EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) alone or in combination with HPV-16 E6 increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis, whereas single expression of EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1), or HPV-16 E6 did not. Co-expression of LMP-1 and E6 induced anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation in nude mice, whereas expression of LMP-1 alone did not. Although the singular expression of these viral genes showed increased DNA damage and DNA damage response (DDR), co-expression of LMP-1 and E6 did not induce DDR, which is frequently seen in cancer cells. Furthermore, co-expression of LMP-1 with E6 increased NF-κB signaling, and the knockdown of LMP-1 or E6 in co-expressing cells decreased cell proliferation, anchorage independent growth, and NF-κB activation. These data suggested that expression of individual viral genes is insufficient for inducing transformation and that co-expression of LMP-1 and E6, which is associated with suppression of DDR and increased NF-κB activity, lead to transformation. Our findings demonstrate the synergistic effect by the interaction of oncogenes from different viruses on the transformation of primary MEFs.     

Mild Choline Deficiency and MTHFD1 Synthetase Deficiency Interact to Increase Incidence of Developmental Delays and Defects in Mice

Folate and choline are interconnected metabolically. The MTHFD1 R653Q SNP is a risk factor for birth defects and there are concerns that choline deficiency may interact with this SNP and exacerbate health risks. 80–90% of women do not meet the Adequate Intake (AI) for choline. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of choline deficiency on maternal one-carbon metabolism and reproductive outcomes in the MTHFD1-synthetase deficient mouse (Mthfd1S), a model for MTHFD1 R653Q. Mthfd1S^+/+ and Mthfd1S^+/− females were fed control (CD) or choline-deficient diets (ChDD; 1/3 the amount of choline) before mating and during pregnancy. Embryos were evaluated for delays and defects at 10.5 days gestation. Choline metabolites were measured in the maternal liver, and total folate measured in maternal plasma and liver. ChDD significantly decreased choline, betaine, phosphocholine, and dimethylglycine in maternal liver (p < 0.05, ANOVA), and altered phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Maternal and embryonic genotype, and diet-genotype interactions had significant effects on defect incidence. Mild choline deficiency and Mthfd1S^+/− genotype alter maternal one-carbon metabolism and increase incidence of developmental defects. Further study is required to determine if low choline intakes contribute to developmental defects in humans, particularly in 653QQ women.     

人胚胎干细胞建系、培养及体外诱导分化研究现状

胚胎干细胞具有体外无限增殖和分化成三胚层细胞的潜能,它已被视为治疗多种疾病的一种新兴策略。目前胚胎干细胞常规的建系和培养技术已很成熟,并有一套国际公认的鉴定标准。但常规方法存在异源病原体污染的可能,急需研究适于标准化、无动物源性污染及可大量培养胚胎干细胞的培养体系。在现阶段,通过不同的体外诱导途径可将胚胎干细胞诱导成为胚外和三胚层来源的各种细胞,但定向分化的问题仍亟需解决。     

RNA干扰抑制BUB1基因表达对染色体分离的影响

目的：研究 BUB1基因表达调控对染色体分离的影响。方法：用定量 RT-PCR 比较 RNA 干扰前后的胚胎细胞内源性基因 BUB1的 mRNA 水平,同时对染色体数目异常率进行比较分析。结果：干扰后 BUB1基因 mRNA 拷贝数/GAPDH 基因 mRNA 拷贝数的均值为干扰前的21．80%,染色体数目异常率均值由干扰前 5．02%上升到29．61%。经统计分析,RNA 干扰前后 BUB1基因 mRNA 水平和染色体数目异常率有显著差异。结论：BUB1基因表达的降低会导致染色体分离的异常,本研究为染色体分离相关蛋白功能研究建立了新的研究手段和实验评价体系。