Perinatal outcome and the social contract: Interrelationships between health and society

Abstract Rates of infant mortality and prematurity or low birthweight serve as indirect measures of the health of a nation. This paper presents current population data documenting the still serious problem of perinatal outcome in the USA as well as in other economically developed countries. International comparisons suggest that nations which have the greatest inequality of income and social opportunity also have the most adverse perinatal, child and adult health outcomes. Furthermore, the data assert that these effects are independent of average national wealth or gross national economic productivity. Health status differs by social class and race, even among the most affluent sectors of the population. All social classes, even the wealthiest, suffer the health consequences of social inequalities. An explanatory socio-psychological theory of causality is proposed.     

试论现代医院资本经营与财务管理

资本经营以资本保值增值为目标 ,为医院发展注入了活力 ,它是现代医院经营的更高层面和发展趋势 ,还是医院提高效率与效益的有效途径。资本经营与财务管理密切相关 ,本文探讨了医院资本经营与财务管理。     

陕西省农村医疗机构现状研究

本研究采用定性与定量方法分析陕西省农村医疗卫生机构现状。研究表明，陕西省农村卫生组织仍不能适应农村经济发展和群众医疗保健需要，与全面实现小康和基本实现现代化的目标还有相当大的差距。一是农村卫生经济政策贯彻不力。二是农村卫生人员素质不高，学历结构不合理。高学历比例太低，无学历占18．36％。三是农村医疗保障制度改革滞后。四是管理体制和运行机制改革亟待深化。     

非典后的启示--必须高度重视社会经济的协调发展

作者结合非典疫情及其它公共卫生问题对社会造成的影响 ,对如何促进社会经济的协调发展进行了探讨     

基于柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的我国卫生资源实证分析

卫生资源配置是形成卫生生产能力的基石，它包括增量的有效配置和存量的合理调整。作者基于柯布一道格拉斯生产函数的计算方法和分析原理，结合我国卫生领域的历史数据，采用最小二乘法和方差分析等方法拟合出卫生资源与产出能力相关的多元线性回归模型，实证分析我国卫生资源配置现状。结果表明，我国卫生人力资源投入不足，其对产出的贡献率偏低，而且卫生资源配置总体上规模效益递减。     

艾滋病对农村高发地区患者家庭经济影响的调查分析

目的:通过研究艾滋病患者对家庭经济的影响,了解艾滋病的家庭疾病负担,为农村地区艾滋病防治工作合理配置资源提供基础数据资料。方法:采用问卷调查方法进行调查,通过测算家庭的直接花费和间接花费,计算家庭的经济负担;通过外推家庭费用计算患者生存期内家庭经济负担;并计算家庭经济负担占家庭收入百分比;进行2组家庭收支情况对比分析。结果:家庭直接花费为834.60元/年,间接花费为1073.76元/年,家庭疾病负担共计为1908.36元,外推家庭花费合计为6101.77元。家庭负担占家庭收入的36.70%;艾滋病病人家庭收入显著降低,在医疗消费支出方面比对照组高得多,而用在文化、娱乐和生活等方面的消费水平明显较对照组家庭低。结论:艾滋病影响着患者家庭经济的多个方面,使家庭收入降低,家庭总消费能力降低,家庭消费结构发生变化,从而影响了整个病人家庭的生活质量。政府免费抗病毒、抗机会性感染治疗和检查,政府的救助,大大减轻了患者家庭的经济负担。     

产业集群竞争力理论的演变

西方产业集群理论中对产业集群竞争力分析最为著名的有马歇尔的外部经济理论、克鲁格曼的新经济地理学理论和波特新竞争优势理论等。马歇尔是从新古典经济学的角度,通过研究工业组织这种生产要素,间接表明了企业为了追求外部规模经济而集聚。克鲁格曼的新经济地理学产业群模型从理论上证明了制造业(工业)活动倾向于空间集聚的一般性趋势,并阐明由于外在环境的限制,产业区集聚的空间格局可以是多样的,产业集聚空间格局的形成及锁定效应,是经济活动收益递增和运输成本相互作用的产物。迈克尔·波特从组织变革、价值链、经济效率和柔性方面所创造的竞争优势角度重新审视产业集群的形成机理和价值,并提出了国家竞争优势的“钻石模型”。产业集群竞争力理论随着产业集群的不断发展而相应地演变成系统的理论体系,并不断为全球化背景下的区域发展提供新的政策和管制思路。     

变迁与整合:医患关系的社会学视角分析

医患关系的形成与变迁由社会的发展而决定。经济、历史、文化、科技以及宗教的发展都会对其产生较大的影响。我国目前正处于社会转型时期。因此，分析与探讨现时代的医惠关系必须充分地了解社会的基本背景与状态，在此基础上思考我国医患关系的重新整合。     

Challenges and opportunities of utilizing municipal solid waste as alternative building materials for sustainable development goals: A review

Strict environmental concern, depletion, and price hike of building construction materials are driving scientific studies for the search of alternative materials for building construction. To this end sustainable building materials could be a fruitful solution. This review aims to discern the environmental efficacy of solid waste management (SWM) and its relationship with four stimuli i.e., economic structure, regulatory structure, science, and time. The study also highlights the investigation of governance network to figure out the regulatory structure and governance of waste management. Extensive details on solid waste with their sources, recycling potential and their current utilization for substantial development are outlined. A throughout of the production process, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and the global economy of building material developed through recycling of solid waste are discussed. This article also deals with the sustainability, social, and environmental impact of green building materials. The study identifies the future direction for the effective utilization of solid waste for developing building materials. Further, the scope of the present also focusses on the concept of circular economy for developing construction materials through recycling of solid waste, which provides an easy reference for solid waste processing towards sustainability.     

Staging “Chileanness”: Ethnicity,illegal drug economy and social structures

Aim: Following a group of young men with Chilean background living in a Swedish territorially stigmatised area, the author analyses how the actors create, recreate and use ethnicity and on what structural grounds such creation is carried out. This analysis is done to provide a complex and socially constructed view of ethnicity. Method: Between 2003 and 2015, the author followed a group of 16 young men, born in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The fieldwork included interviews and participant observations in places that were important to the young men; the residential area where they lived in Sweden and the area in Chile that some of them visited during the time of the research and where they have their roots. Findings and conclusion: During childhood and adolescence, ethnic identification became a means to group identification. However, ethnic identity practiced in the street culture and the illegal economy cannot be seen as essential, but rather as something that is performed and staged in different situations, creating a sense of “Chileanness”. Producing Chileanness helps combating emotions related to sorrow, to being poor and not feeling welcomed in the Swedish society. This ethnicity is fragile and intertwined with social class and gender.